Table 2.
Mean and standard deviations of the kinematic and kinetic data from all subjects (N=15). Statistical analysis includes results of paired t-tests between the Natural, Swayback and Forward flexed postures.
| Condition | Statistical analysis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swayback | Natural | Forward flexed | Natural vs. Swayback | Natural vs. Forward flexed | Swayback vs. Forward flexed | ||||
| Kinematics (degrees) | p | ES (d) | p | ES (d) | p | ES (d) | |||
| Maximum ankle DF | 11.9±5.8 | 10.3±5.5 | 13.6±7.6 | 0.038 | 0.28 | 0.006 | 0.50 | 0.267 | 0.25 |
| Maximum ankle PF | −19.7±8.7 | −17.7±8.3 | −14.0±8.7 | 0.105 | 0.23 | 0.001 | 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.66 |
| Maximum knee extension | 0.9±4.7 | 0.6±4.1 | −4.3±6.4 | 1.000 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.91 | <0.001 | 0.92 |
| Maximum knee flexion | −59.4±7.3 | −60.5±5.8 | −61.8±5.9 | NS | |||||
| Maximum hip flexion | 20.7±8.6 | 25.4±7.2 | 40.2±8.2 | 0.002 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 1.92 | <0.001 | 2.33 |
| Maximum hip extension | −23.4±6.6 | −17.8±7.2 | -3.8±6.4 | <0.001 | 0.81 | <0.001 | 2.06 | <0.001 | 3.01 |
| Mean pelvic tilt | 4.8±3.4 | 10.7±3.6 | 21.1±4.3 | <0.001 | 3.55 | <0.001 | 1.68 | <0.001 | 1.53 |
| Kinetics (Nm/kg or Nms/kg) | |||||||||
| Peak ankle DF moment | 0.10±0.03 | 0.10±0.04 | 0.11±0.05 | NS | |||||
| Peak ankle PF moment | −1.54±0.12 | −1.55±0.11 | −1.44±0.09 | 1.000 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 1.21 | 0.006 | 0.96 |
| Ankle DF angular impulse | 0.009±0.004 | 0.008±0.003 | 0.008±0.004 | 0.051 | 0.40 | 0.595 | 0.16 | 0.262 | 0.20 |
| Ankle PF angular impulse | −0.40±0.07 | −0.44±0.07 | −0.46±0.08 | <0.001 | 0.65 | 0.132 | 0.26 | <0.001 | 0.83 |
| Peak knee extension moment | 0.37±0.18 | 0.22±0.12 | 0.44±0.19 | 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.001 | 1.31 | 0.386 | 0.37 |
| Peak knee flexion moment | −0.44±0.18 | −0.56±0.13 | −0.38±0.12 | 0.004 | 0.78 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 0.472 | 0.38 |
| Knee extension angular impulse | 0.083±0.053 | 0.037±0.026 | 0.077±0.042 | 0.001 | 1.10 | 0.004 | 1.15 | 1.000 | 0.13 |
| Knee flexion angular impulse | −0.083±0.054 | −0.138±0.048 | −0.079±0.045 | 0.001 | 1.08 | <0.001 | 1.27 | 1.000 | 0.07 |
| Peak hip flexion moment | 0.82±0.14 | 0.65±0.15 | 0.44±0.14 | <0.001 | 1.16 | <0.001 | 1.48 | <0.001 | 2.73 |
| Peak hip extension moment | −0.68±0.23 | −0.76±0.24 | −0.94±0.25 | 0.513 | 0.32 | 0.018 | 0.76 | 0.002 | 1.09 |
| Hip flexion angular impulse | 0.24±0.06 | 0.14±0.02 | 0.08±0.03 | <0.001 | 2.43 | <0.001 | 2.42 | <0.001 | 3.75 |
| Hip extension angular impulse | −0.04±0.02 | −0.10±0.04 | −0.20±0.09 | <0.001 | 1.80 | 0.001 | 1.41 | <0.001 | 2.36 |
Note: NS indicated that the repeated measures ANOVA for effect of posture was not significant (p ≥ 0.05); therefore, pair-wise comparisons were not conducted. Bold text indicated significant differences (p < 0.05)