Table 1.
Sample Characteristics Stratified by T1DM
| Control (n=74) | T1DM (n=88) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 28.4 ± 8.2 | 27.9 ± 6.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 6.1 | 28.1 ± 6.0 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 0.78 ± 0.06 |
| Caffeine intake (quartiles of mgs/day), n (%) | ||
| 1st: 0 – 33.6 | 22 (30) | 17 (19)* |
| 2nd: 33.7 – 94.4 | 24 (32) | 18 (20) |
| 3rd: 94.5 – 171.3 | 13 (18) | 27 (31) |
| 4th: 171.4 – 709.1 | 15 (20) | 26 (30) |
| Alcohol intake (quartiles of grams/day), n (%) | ||
| 1st: 0 – 1.08 | 12 (16) | 31 (35)** |
| 2nd: 1.09 – 3.11 | 17 (23) | 20 (23) |
| 3rd: 3.12 – 8.64 | 20 (27) | 21 (24) |
| 4th: 8.65 – 79.18 | 25 (34) | 16 (18) |
| Taking calcium supplement, n (%) | 36 (49) | 38 (43) |
| Weight change in last year, n (%) | ||
| Lost ≥ 10 pounds | 19 (26) | 15 (17) |
| Maintained ± 9.9 pounds | 43 (58) | 59 (67) |
| Gained ≥ 10 pounds | 12 (16) | 14 (16) |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 43 (58) | 51 (58) |
| Vigorous physical activity (kcalories/kg/day), n (%) | ||
| None | 28 (38) | 39 (44) |
| > 0 to 2.6 | 29 (39) | 26 (30) |
| > 2.6 | 17 (23) | 23 (26) |
| Mean menstrual cycle length, n (%) | ||
| 22 to 39 days | 69 (93) | 65 (74)** |
| 40 to 89 days | 2 (3) | 12 (14) |
| ≥ 90 days | 3 (4) | 11 (12) |
| Taking thyroid replacement medication, n (%) | 5 (7) | 17 (19)* |
| Estrogen contraceptive use, n (%) | ||
| Never | 15 (20) | 23 (26) |
| Former | 30 (41) | 33 (38) |
| Current | 29 (39) | 32 (36) |
| Diabetes-related | ||
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 8.1 ± 1.7*** |
| Cystatin-C (log; ng/ml)a | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 7.4 ± 0.6 |
| eGFR (log; mL/min/1.73 m2)a | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.7 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 16.0 ± 1.5 | |
| Blood glucose monitoring (readings per day) | 3.7 ± 1.9 | |
| Use insulin pump, n (%) | 39 (44.3) | |
| Insulin dose (units/kg/day) | 0.79 ± 0.45 | |
| Bone mineral densities (g/cm2) | ||
| Heel | 0.532 ± 0.092 | 0.492 ± 0.093** |
| Forearm | 0.465 ± 0.052 | 0.441 ± 0.048*** |
| Bone turnover markers | ||
| Osteocalcin (ng/ml) | 4.6 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 1.6*** |
| BAP (U/L)a | 23.5 ± 9.1 | 24.8 ± 7.9 |
| NTx (log; nmol BCE/L) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| TRAP 5b (U/L)a | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.0 |
| RANKL (log; pg/ml)a | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 |
| OPG (pg/ml)a | 1376.7 ± 837.4 | 1379.1 ± 560.8 |
| Biomarkers | ||
| OT (log; pg/ml) | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 |
| Leptin (pg/ml)a | 22.1 ± 10.3 | 19.9 ± 11.0 |
| Adiponectin (ng/ml)a | 4155.6 ± 1822.4 | 8649.1 ± 4099.6*** |
| Total estradiol (pg/ml) | 295.7 ± 118.1 | 302.0 ± 137.7 |
| Bioavailable estradiol (pg/ml) | 65.2 ± 34.1 | 67.4 ± 34.1 |
Note. Continuous data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical data are expressed as n (%). eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; BAP, Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase; NTx, N-Terminal cross-linked telopeptides; BCE, Bone Collagen Equivalent; TRAP5b, Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b; RANKL, Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κβ Ligand; OPG, Osteoprotegerin
a
T1DM: Cystatin-C and eGFR (n=86)
BAP, TRAP5b, and RANKL (n=87)
OPG (n=85)
Control: Leptin and Adiponectin (n=73)
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001