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. 2014 Aug 15;4(4):398–406. doi: 10.1007/s13142-014-0277-9

Table 3.

Baseline, 12-month changes, and participants with indications of depression who completed 12-month questionnaires

Variable name (possible range) U.S. National CDSMP (English speakers), N = 175 Healthy Living Canada ICDSMP, N = 110
Baseline mean (SD) 12-month change, mean (SD) p Baseline mean (SD) 12-month change, mean (SD) p
PHQ-8 Depression (0–24) 13.9 (3.78) −3.47 (5.75) <0.001 15. 5 (4.34) −4.30 (5.51) <0.001
Pain (0–10) 6.43 (2.48) −0.600 (2.55) 0.002 6.91 (2.67) −0.691 (1.97) <0.001
Fatigue (0–10) 7.02 (2.29) −0.869 (2.71) <0.001 7.66 (1.47) −0.691 (2.05) <0.001
Activity limitation (0–4) 2.38 (0.936) −0.287 1.17) 0.001 2.67 (0.898) −0.295 (0.906) 0.001
Medication adherence (0–4) 1.43 (1.28) −0.240 (1.06) 0.003 1.45 (1.18) −0.311 (1.18) 0.009
Number of emergency department visits (last 6 months) 0.451 (1.53) 0.0 (1.91) 1.00 0.573 (1.14) −0.235 (1.00) 0.015
Number of hospitalizations (last 6 months) 1.22 (3.46) 0.815 (6.53) 0.103 0.091 (0.440) −0.027 (0.515) 0.579

For all health indicators and behaviors, a lower score is desirable. Mean changes are changes in scale scores or in number of visits. P values are from pair-wise t tests indicating the likelihood that a change this large could have occurred if sampling form a population with zero change