Fig. 2.

Ebola virus pathogenesis: Ebola virus spreads from the initial infection site to the regional lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Despite not being directly infected, lymphopenia is a common feature of the disease, likely due to apoptosis. Factors released from infected cells also contribute to capillary leakage as demonstrated here in cultures of endothelial cells (white arrowheads). The systemic virus spread leads to hypovolemia, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and finally multi system organ failure and death. IL = interleukin. MCP-1 = monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. MIPs = macrophage inflammatory proteins. NO = nitric oxide. TNFα = tumour necrosis factor α. Reproduced with permission from: Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 2011; 377: 849-62 17