Figure 1.

Receptors and signaling pathways possibly involved in PTN signaling. All or some of these membrane receptors could function as a multi-molecular complex coordinated to transduce the PTN signal into the cell by different signaling pathways. RPTPζ—Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ, EC = 3.1.3.48); ALK—Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; LRP—Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; ERK1/2—Extracellular-Signal-Regulated Kinase; AKT—Serine/Threonine-specific protein kinase; STAT5—Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; Ras—Rat sarcoma small GTP-ase; PI3K—Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; mTOR—Mechanistic target of Rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase); MEKK—mitogen-activated protein Kinase/ERK kinase kinase 3; Jnk—c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Src—Sarcoma tyrosin kinase; Rho—Ras homology small GTPase; PKCα—Protein kinase C alpha; Rac1—Ras related small GTPase. N-syndecan structure from www.ebi.ac.uk