a Schematic representation of empirical gastric emptying compartmental model and its input rate function. b Schematic representation of the semi-mechanistic gastric emptying model showing control of gastric emptying by feedback mechanism (kg(t) = input rate function, kg1, kg2 fast initial and slow gastric emptying rate constants, ka, k absorption and elimination rate constant, k
12, k
21 transfer rate constants between central and peripheral compartments, V volume of distribution of central compartment, tend end of initial gastric emptying, tlag end of gastric emptying interruption, kg gastric emptying rate constant, Ce, k
e0 effect compartment concentration and plasma and effect compartments’ equilibration rate constant)