Table 4.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with early post-operative bleeding

	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Risk factor	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Male gender (vs. Female)	4.25 (0.53-33.61)	0.17
Age ≥70 years (vs. ≤69 years)	1.45 (0.38-5.57)	0.58
Tumor location Lower (vs. Upper and Middle)	2.36 (0.68-8.20)	0.17
Continued use of LDA	3.66 (0.74-17.93)	0.11
Continued use of LDA + heparin replacement	13.30 (1.27-139.25)	0.03*	32.88 (2.61-414.05)	<0.01*
Heparin replacement	3.50 (0.71-17.10)	0.12
Cessation of antithrombotic agent during ESD procedure (vs. No antithrombotic therapy)	3.08 (0.60-15.87)	0.18
Liver cirrhosis	1.33 (0.16-10.81)	0.78
CKD undergoing hemodialysis	4.92 (0.56-43.20)	0.15
Specimen size ≥40 mm (vs. < 40 mm)	6.08 (1.74-21.27)	<0.01*	8.03 (2.03-31.72)	<0.01*
Procedure time ≥90 min (vs. < 90 min)	3.44 (0.81-14.71)	0.10
Second-look endoscopy (vs. No second-look endoscopy)	1.96 (0.24-15.60)	0.52

OR: Odds ratio.

CI: Confidence interval.

LDA: Low-dose aspirin.

CKD: Chronic kidney disease.

*p<0.05.