Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the children at baseline
| Control group | Intervention group | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Baseline | Baseline | ||
| Girls (total and percentage) | 37 | 15 (83.3) | 15 (78.9) | - |
| Age (years) | 37 | 8.7 (0.9) | 8.8 (0.9) | 0.8 |
| Birth weight (gram) | 35 | 3,634 (488.4) | 3,555 (417.0) | 0.6 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 37 | 39.7 (8.1) | 44.6 (10.1) | 0.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 37 | 21.0 (3.5) | 22.6 (3.8) | 0.2 |
| Overweight (total and percentage) | 20 | 12 (67) | 8 (42) | 0.3 |
| Obese (total and percentage) | 17 | 6 (33) | 11 (58) | 0.1 |
| zBMI | 37 | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.8) | 0.1 |
| Waist (cm) | 35 | 79.2 (7.4) | 81.2 (8.9) | 0.5 |
| Hip (cm) | 35 | 80.7 (8.7) | 84.1 (8.2) | 0.2 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 35 | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.9 |
| DXA scan | 37 | |||
| Lean body mass (kg) | 23.1 (3.3) | 25.3 (4.3) | 0.1 | |
| Fat mass (kg) | 15.0 (5.4) | 17.6 (6.8) | 0.2 | |
| Body fat tissue percent (%) | 38.3 (7.1) | 40.2 (7.0) | 0.4 | |
| Android fat mass (kg) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.8) | 0.08 | |
| Gynoid fat mass (kg) | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.2) | 0.2 | |
| Android/gynoid ratio | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.05 | |
| Blood Pressure and pulse | 37 | |||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 101.9 (8.0) | 102.2 (8.9) | 0.9 | |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 62.8 (7.7) | 62.0 (6.1) | 0.6 | |
| Heart Rate (beats/min) | 81.4 (13.6) | 79.7 (11.0) | 0.7 | |
| Fitness | ||||
| Steps per day (maximum) | 31 | 14,313 (3,176) | 13,049 (2,783) | 0.3 |
| Modified Andersen fitness test (meter) | 37 | 689.6 (135.5) | 649.5 (173.9) | 0.4 |
| Jumping test (cm) | 37 | 22.9 (4.3) | 24.6 (6.3) | 0.4 |
Presented as mean (standard deviation) or total in the group (percentage of the group).
P value assessed by unpaired Student’s t-test.
zBMI, standardized BMI.