Figure 1. The sketch of the system.

(a) Side view of the typical configuration of the system under normal loading in the z-direction and sheared in y-direction. (b) Zoom of the confined region showing the IL confined between two walls. The upper wall is fixed and the bottom wall is loading with the force F_L and pulling through the spring of stiffness, K_dr = 16 N/m, at constant velocity V_dr = 10 m/s. The dimensions of the walls are 7.56 nm and 7.95 nm in x and y directions, respectively, and the size of the atoms is σ_w = 0.3218 nm. (c) The diameters of the cations and anions are σ_c = 0.35 nm and σ_a = 0.70 nm, respectively. (d) Potential energy surface for cation sliding in x, y-directions along the surface, distances displayed in nm. Maxima and minima of the potential are shown by red and blue colors, respectively.