Table 4.

Adjusted differences in structural echocardiographic parameter mean Z-scores with at least marginal significance for 411 HIV-exposed uninfected children in SMARTT exposed vs. unexposed in utero to specific ARV regimens or drugs

ARV Exposure	Percent Exposed	Left Ventricular Structural Echocardiographic Parameter^a
		Short Axis Dimension	Posterior Wall Thickness	Septal Thickness	Mass	Wall Stress	Thickness-to- Dimension Ratio

		Mean (95% CI), P value	Mean (95% CI), P value	Mean (95% CI), P value	Mean (95% CI), P value	Mean (95% CI), P value	Mean (95% CI), P value
ANYTIME DURING PREGNANCY
cARV	95%	-0.44 (-0.85,-0.02) 0.040	0.05 (-0.34,0.44) 0.82	0.14 (-0.23,0.50) 0.46	-0.16 (-0.54,0.23) 0.43	-0.12 (-0.63,0.39) 0.65	0.14 (-0.25,0.54) 0.47
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTIs)
Abacavir	28%	-0.22 (-0.41,-0.02) 0.031	0.18 (-0.01,0.36) 0.061	0.02 (-0.16,0.19) 0.84	-0.09 (-0.27,0.10) 0.36	-0.16 (-0.40,0.08) 0.19	0.23 (0.06,0.41) 0.010
Didanosine	6%	-0.11 (-0.49,0.27) 0.59	0.20 (-0.18,0.58) 0.30	0.05 (-0.30,0.40) 0.78	-0.03 (-0.41,0.35) 0.89	-0.48 (-0.96,0.00) 0.051	0.26 (-0.10,0.62) 0.15
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTIs)
Nevirapine	14%	-0.01 (-0.26,0.24) 0.93	0.21 (-0.03,0.45) 0.084	0.22 (-0.00,0.45) 0.052	0.24 (-0.00,0.47) 0.053	-0.16 (-0.47,0.16) 0.33	0.12 (-0.11,0.35) 0.31
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
Atazanavir	8%	-0.38 (-0.71,-0.04) 0.030	0.47 (0.15,0.78) 0.004	-0.14 (-0.44,0.15) 0.34	-0.15 (-0.46,0.17) 0.36	-0.11 (-0.52,0.31) 0.62	0.61 (0.30,0.91) <0.001
Nelfinavir	43%	-0.03 (-0.21,0.16) 0.76	-0.21 (-0.38,-0.04) 0.017	-0.10 (-0.26,0.06) 0.22	-0.12 (-0.29,0.05) 0.16	0.07 (-0.15,0.30) 0.51	-0.21 (-0.38,-0.04) 0.017
Lopinavir/RTV	27%	0.10 (-0.10,0.30) 0.33	-0.19 (-0.38,0.00) 0.055	-0.13 (-0.31,0.05) 0.16	-0.12 (-0.31,0.07) 0.21	0.02 (-0.23,0.27) 0.88	-0.16 (-0.34,0.02) 0.083

FIRST TRIMESTER EXPOSURES
cARV	49%	-0.19 (-0.37,-0.01) 0.040	0.20 (0.03,0.37) 0.023	-0.02 (-0.18,0.14) 0.81	-0.02 (-0.19,0.15) 0.81	-0.27 (-0.49,-0.05) 0.016	0.18 (0.02,0.35) 0.030
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTIs)
Zidovudine	39%	-0.15 (-0.33,0.04) 0.12	0.19 (0.02,0.37) 0.031	0.02 (-0.15,0.18) 0.85	0.01 (-0.16,0.19) 0.91	-0.27 (-0.49,-0.05) 0.017	0.14 (-0.04,0.31) 0.12
Lamivudine	42%	-0.10 (-0.29,0.08) 0.27	0.18 (0.01,0.35) 0.039	-0.01 (-0.17,0.15) 0.91	0.04 (-0.13,0.21) 0.63	-0.21 (-0.43,0.01) 0.068	0.11 (-0.06,0.28) 0.20
Abacavir	14%	-0.14 (-0.40,0.12) 0.28	0.22 (-0.02,0.46) 0.075	-0.01 (-0.23,0.22) 0.96	-0.03 (-0.27,0.21) 0.82	-0.25 (-0.57,0.07) 0.13	0.23 (-0.00,0.45) 0.052
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTIs)
Nevirapine	10%	-0.08 (-0.38,0.21) 0.58	0.34 (0.06,0.62) 0.019	0.24 (-0.02,0.50) 0.076	0.28 (0.00,0.56) 0.049	-0.15 (-0.52,0.21) 0.41	0.23 (-0.04,0.50) 0.094
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
Atazanavir	5%	-0.37 (-0.77,0.02) 0.064	0.64 (0.27,1.01) 0.001	-0.09 (-0.44,0.27) 0.63	-0.00 (-0.38,0.37) 0.99	-0.15 (-0.65,0.35) 0.55	0.72 (0.37,1.07) <0.001
Nelfinavir	19%	-0.11 (-0.35,0.12) 0.34	-0.05 (-0.28,0.17) 0.64	-0.18 (-0.39,0.03) 0.093	-0.13 (-0.35,0.09) 0.26	-0.02 (-0.30,0.25) 0.87	-0.12 (-0.34,0.11) 0.31
Lopinavir/RTV	11%	-0.02 (-0.29,0.26) 0.91	-0.05 (-0.32,0.21) 0.70	-0.12 (-0.36,0.13) 0.36	-0.13 (-0.39,0.13) 0.33	-0.30 (-0.65,0.05) 0.094	-0.02 (-0.27,0.23) 0.86

ARV = antiretroviral, BMI = body mass index, LV = left ventricular

Each echocardiographic parameter was modeled separately in an adjusted linear regression model comparing those with the exposure of interest to unexposed (to that ARV regimen or drug), with adjustment for covariates as follows: child’s race, child’s sex, child’s BMI, and mother’s age at delivery (LV short axis dimension); mother’s alcohol use during pregnancy (LV posterior wall thickness); mother’s alcohol use during pregnancy and child’s sex (septal thickness); maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, child’s sex and child’s BMI (LV mass);age at echo, child’s sex, and mother’s age at delivery (LV wall stress); child’s race, mother’s alcohol use during pregnancy and child’s BMI (LV thickness-to-dimension ratio)