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. 2015 Jan 8;8:447. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00447

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Copyright © 2015 Megahed, Hattiangady, Shuai and Shetty.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Animals exposed to Gulf War illness related (GWIR) chemicals and stress exhibit loss of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons in the hippocampus. Panels (A1) and (B1) illustrate the distribution of PV+ interneurons in different subfields of the hippocampus of an age-matched naive control rat (A1) and a rat that was exposed to GWIR-chemicals and stress 3 months earlier (B1). Panels (A2–A4) show magnified views of the dentate gyrus (DG), the CA1 subfield and the CA3 subfield from the panel (A1). Panels (B2–B4) show magnified views of the DG, the CA1 subfield and the CA3 subfield from the panel (B1). Paucity of PV+ interneuron cell bodies and processes are seen in the DG and CA1 regions of a GWI-rat (B2, B3), in comparison to respective regions from a naive control rat (A2, A3). Scale bar (A1) and (B1) = 500 μm; (A2–A4) and (B2–B4) = 100 μm. Bar charts in (C1–C3) compare numbers of PV+ interneurons in the DG (C1), CA1 and CA3 subfields (C2) and the entire hippocampus (C3) between naive control rats and GWI-rats. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 (two tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test). DH, dentate hilus; GCL, granule cell layer; SO, stratum oriens, SP, stratum pyramidale; SR, stratum radiatum.