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. 2015 Jan 8;5:452. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00452

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Copyright © 2015 Couvreur, Kissling, Condamine, Svenning, Rowe and Baker.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evolutionary history of the climbing habit in palms. (A) Phylorate plot of the mean diversification rates sampled from the posterior (red = high diversification rates; blue = low diversification rates) resulting from the BAMM output using the dated generic-level chronogram (Couvreur et al., 2011a) in millions of years ago (mya). Each terminal branch represents a genus. The figure also shows the phylogenetic distribution of genera that include climbing species either containing entirely or mainly climbing species (red circles) or mainly non-climbing species (one or two species of climbers, blue circles). All other non highlighted genera are strictly non-climbers. The arrow indicates the crown node of subtribe Calaminae. Numbers refer to subtribes or genera (1: Ancistrophyllinae; 2: Korthalsiinae (Korthalsia); 3: Plectocomiinae; 4: Calaminae; 5: Desmoncus; 6: Chamaedorea; 7: Dypsis. (B) DensityMap plot of the posterior probabilities (PP) of state 1 (climbing, blue) vs. state 0 (non-climbing, red) along branches based on 10,000 generations using SIMMAP. The arrow indicates the crown node of subtribe Calaminae. The five state changes from non-climbing to climbing are represented by a change in color from blue to red. Photos illustrate typical climbing palms: (C) Korthalsia zippelii from Papua New Guinea (Photo: William J. Baker, www.palmweb.org), and (D) Laccosperma robustum, a frequent species throughout Central Africa (Photo: Thomas L. P. Couvreur, www.palms.myspecies.info).