Table 1.

Comparison of methodologies and results of previous VBM studies in craniocervical dystonias.

Ref.	MRI	SPM	FWHM	Mod	Dys	PTS	HC	p value	Decreased GM	Increased GM
Draganski et al. (9)	1.5 T	SPM99	10 mm	No	CD	10	10	< 0.05 correct	R caudal SMA, R visual cortex, R dlPFC	R GPi, bilateral motor cortex, cerebellar flocculus
Etgen et al. (13)	1.5 T	SPM2	12 mm	No	BSP	16	16	< 0.001 uncorrected	L inferior parietal lobule	Bilateral putamen
Egger et al. (10)	1.5 T	SPM2	12 mm	No	CD	11	11	< 0.05 correct		Bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, R GPi, medial frontal gyrus, L SMA, and cingulate gyrus
Obermann et al. (12)	1.5 T	SPM2	12 mm		BSP	11	11	< 0.05 correct	Bilateral thalamus, putamen	Bilateral caudate head, cerebellum
					CD	9	9	< 0.05 correct	Bilateral putamen, superior temporal lobule	Bilateral caudate head, thalamus, L posterior cerebellar lobe, and superior temporal lobule
Suzuki et al. (14)	1.5 T	SPM8	9 mm	No	BSP	32	48	< 0.05 correct		Bilateral sensory-motor cortices, L cingulate
Martino et al. (15)	3 T	SPM8	8 mm	Yes	BSP	25	24	< 0.05 correct	L superior temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus	R middle frontal gyrus
								< 0.001 uncorrected		Bilateral superior frontal gyrus, R middle frontal gyrus, L anterior cingulate
Pantano et al. (16)	1.5 T	SPM5	12 mm	Yes	CD	19	28	< 0.05 correct	Bilateral premotor and primary sensory-motor cortices, L caudate head, putamen
Prell et al. (11)	1.5 T	SPM2	8 mm	Yes	CD	24	24	< 0.001 uncorrected	L precentral, SMA, medial temporal gyrus, and R somatosensory association cortex	L GPi, frontal eye field, R claustrum, putamen, and bilateral medial surface of occipital lobe

FWHM, full width half maximum; Mod, modulation; Dys, type of dystonia; PTS, number of patients; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GPi, globus pallidus internus.