TABLE 2.
Summary of findings related to PFJ consumption and vascular reactivity and inflammation1
| Reference | Study design, duration2 | Type of juice | Subjects (healthy unless specified)3 | Results4 |
| Stein et al., 1999 (11) | Pre- and post-test, 2 wk | Grape (Concord), 7.7 mL/kg | n = 15 (12 ♂), CAD/hypertension, dyslipidemia, 63 ± 13 y | ↑ FMD brachial artery (P = 0.003) (juice dose consumed 2 h prior) |
| Chou et al., 2001 (34) | Pre- and post-test, 4 wk; additional 4 wk ± vitamin E | Grape (Concord), 2 doses: 8 mL/kg (high), 4 mL/kg (low); 400 IU vitamin E (added to each after 4 wk) | n = 11 high dose, n = 11 low dose, CAD on medication, mild hypertension ♂, 64 ± 10 y | ↑ FMD brachial artery vs. baseline both high and low dose (P = 0.04), no additional benefit with vitamin E, ↔ plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, oxidation of LDL cholesterol |
| Coimbra et al., 2005 (35) | Pre- and post-test, 2 wk | Grape (purple), 500 mL/d | n = 16, ♀♂, hypercholesterolemia, 52 ± 8 y | ↑ FMD brachial artery vs. baseline, ↓ ICAM-1, ↔ mean brachial diameter or NMD, ↔ plasma lipids, glucose, platelet aggregation, or VCAM-1 |
| Hashemi et al., 2010 (36) Kelishadi et al., 2011 (37) | Pre- and post-test: acute 4-h post-intake (4 h) and long-term 4 wk (4 wk) | Pomegranate, 240 mL/d or grape, 18 mL/kg per day | n = 30, metabolic syndrome, adolescents, 13 ± 1 y, (gender not specified) | Pomegranate and grape ↑ FMD and NMD brachial artery at 4 h and 4 wk vs. baseline, grape ↑ brachial diameter 4 wk, pomegranate and grape ↓ IL-6, E-selectin 4 wk, pomegranate ↓ VCAM-1 at 4 wk, pomegranate ↓ IL-6, E-selectin, VCAM-1 at 4 h, ↔ bodyweight |
| Morand et al., 2011 (38) | Crossover × 3 (4 wk each), plus test 6 h after consumption | Orange vs. control beverage + placebo vs. control beverage containing hesperidin | n = 23, overweight, 33% hypertensive ♂, 50–65 y | ↑ EDR 6 h after consumption correlated with plasma hesperetin (r = 0.434, P = 0.04), ↓ BP orange vs. placebo (P = 0.023), ↔ bodyweight, FRAP, urinary-8-isoprostane, insulin, lipid, inflammatory markers |
| Buscemi et al., 2012 (39) | Crossover single-blind, 7 d vs. control subjects | Orange (composite 3 varietals, Tarocco, Sanguinello, Moro), 500 mL/d | n = 19, ≥2 criteria for metabolic syndrome, ♀♂, 27–56 y vs. 12 healthy controls ♀♂ | Juice normalized FMD in brachial artery in subjects (P < 0.005), ↓ blood concentrations hsCRP, IL-6, TNFα (P < 0.001), ↔ plasma protein carbonyls, bodyweight, fasting postprandial glucose |
| Davidson et al., 2009 (40) | Double-blind, parallel arm, 18 mo | Pomegranate, 240 mL/d | n = 146, ≥1 risk factor for CVD, ♀♂, 61 ± 7 y vs.143 matched controls, 61 ± 8 y | ↔ Plasma lipids, inflammatory or oxidative markers, 12-mo carotid ultrasound. Group with highest lipids had reduced measures of intimal thickening in anterior wall (P < 0.001–0.03) |
1
BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EDR, endothelium-dependent relaxation; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; FRAP, ferric-reducing antioxidant power; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; NMD, nitroglycerin-mediated dilation; PFJ, pure (100%) fruit juice; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.
2
Study design was randomized unless otherwise indicated.
3
Values are mean age ± SD or range, rounded to nearest whole number.
4
P < 0.05 unless otherwise indicated; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↔, no effect; ♀, women; ♂, men.