Figure 1.

Behavioral task used in Experiment 1. Each trial began with the presentation of a fixation display (upper panel) for a short interval. A target display (middle panel) was presented for 75 ms, and participants were instructed to identify the orientation of the stimulus that appeared over the small white cue in the fixation display. When present, a randomly chosen subset of flankers were rotated 15°, 30°, 60°, or 90° clockwise relative to the target, and the remaining three were rotated counterclockwise by an equivalent amount. After a short blank interval, a randomly oriented probe appeared at the target location; participants adjusted its orientation to match their memory of the target (displays are not drawn to scale; see Methods for further information on specific display parameters).