Table 2.
Associations between Clinical Characteristics and Lifetime Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) in Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder (BD)
| Proportional Hazards Model | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No SUD during follow- up (n=54) |
SUD during follow-up (n=49) |
Group Comparison p-value |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | ||||
| Age at FEM hospitalization (years) | 14.9 | (2.1) | 17.0 | (2.4) | <0.01 | 1.1 | (1.0, 1.2) | 0.23 |
| Sex, female | 29 | (54%) | 24 | (49%) | 0.63 | 1.0 | (0.6, 1.8) | 0.88 |
| Race, white | 40 | (74%) | 36 | (73%) | 0.94 | 1.1 | (0.6, 2.0) | 0.87 |
| Age onset BD (years) | 12.1 | (3.6) | 15.2 | (3.3) | <0.01 | 1.1 | (1.0, 1.2) | 0.16 |
| Socioeconomic status | 36.5 | (13.2) | 36.0 | (13.1) | 0.71 | 1.0 | (1.0, 1.1) | 0.62 |
| Affective state, manic | 12 | (22%) | 24 | (49%) | <0.01 | 1.3 | (0.8, 2.4) | 0.33 |
| Psychosis | 17 | (31%) | 30 | (61%) | <0.01 | 1.8 | (1.0, 3.2) | 0.05 |
| ADHD | 21 | (39%) | 18 | (37%) | 0.82 | 0.8 | (0.4, 1.4) | 0.39 |
| Disruptive behavior disorder (CD or ODD) | 20 | (37%) | 27 | (55%) | 0.07 | 1.5 | (0.8, 2.6) | 0.20 |
| Physical or sexual abuse (n=101) | 3 | (6%) | 12 | (25%) | <0.01 | 2.5 | (1.3, 4.8) | 0.01 |
| Psychosocial treatment | 37 | (69%) | 26 | (53%) | 0.11 | 0.7 | (0.4, 1.2) | 0.23 |
| Anxiety disorder (includes PTSD) | 7 | (13%) | 10 | (20%) | 0.31 | 1.4 | (0.7, 2.8) | 0.36 |
| PTSD | 2 | (4%) | 6 | (12%) | 0.15 | 2.8 | (1.2, 6.7) | 0.02 |
| Prior treatment with stimulants | 22 | (41%) | 5 | (10%) | <0.01 | 0.3 | (0.1, 0.8) | 0.01 |
Note: Mean (SD) or n (%) shown; ADHD=attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CD = conduct disorder; FEM = first episode manic; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.