Table 1.
List of ES assessed in this study, indicators and respective units for individual services, and data sources
| Ecosystem services | Indicator | Units | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Provisioning | |||
| Wheat production | Wheat cultivated area | km2 | Swedish Board of Agriculture National Statistical Database |
| Cattle | Number of animals by agricultural holding | Cattle/km2 | Swedish Board of Agriculture National Statistical Database |
| Pig production | Number of animals by agricultural holding | Pigs/km2 | Swedish Board of Agriculture National Statistical Database |
| Sheep | Number of animals by agricultural holding | Sheep/km2 | Swedish Board of Agriculture National Statistical Database |
| Forest products | Commercial forest area | km2 | National Land Survey and National Board of Forest |
| Regulating | |||
| Crop pollination | Amount of pollinator habitat (specified on supplementary material) within a buffer of 200 m from crop production areas | km2 | Swedish Land-Cover Data (Marktäckedata), based on Corine land cover 2006 |
| N retention | Amount of nitrogen retained by the soil from the total load | Average fraction of 1-(Net nutrient load/Gross nutrient load) | Swedish Environmental Emissions Data (SMED) |
| P retention | Amount of phosphorus retained by the soil from the total load | Average fraction of 1-(Net nutrient load/Gross nutrient load) | Swedish Environmental Emissions Data (SMED) |
| Standing water quality | Ecological status of the water (classes 1–5, from low to high quality) | Average water quality/km2 | Water information system Sweden (VISS) database |
| Running water quality | Ecological status of the water (classes 1–5, from low to high quality) | Average water quality/km2 | Water information system Sweden (VISS) database |
| Cultural | |||
| Moose huntinga | Number of moose shootings reported in hunting areas | Number of animals shot/km2 | Swedish County Administrative Board |
| Outdoor recreation | Total amount of area defined as high interest for outdoor recreation by the Swedish Nature Protection Agency according with the Swedish Environmental Law | km2 | Swedish County Administrative Board |
| Summer cottages | Total area of second habitation recreational areas | km2 | Swedish National Statistics database (SCB) |
| Horseback riding | Number of horses by agricultural holding | Horses/km2 | Swedish Board of Agriculture National Statistical Database |
| Cross-country skiing | Number of ski stations with prepared tracks | Stations/km2 | Swedish ski tracks online database |
| Biodiversity appreciation | Number of species reported in each municipality | Species/km2 | Species observations report database Artportalen. Report system for plants, animals and fungi |
aMoose hunting is also a provisioning service, as it provides wild meat. However, the recreational economical value of hunting is in Sweden almost two times higher than the meat value (64 against 36 % of the total hunting value, respectively) (Mattsson et al. 2009). Therefore in this study, we considered moose hunting as a cultural service