Table 1.

Summary of common factors associated with altered pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in critically ill patients

Increased Vd	Decreased Cl	Increased Cl	Variable changes in Vdand/or Cl
Hypoalbuminaemia, leading to increased unbound drug	Renal hypoperfusion	Augmented renal clearance	Extracorporeal interventions (eg RRT, ECMO)
Capillary leakage	Acute kidney injury
Fluid resuscitation	Renal/hepatic dysfunction
Third space loss