Table 4.
Associations between number of different helminth parasite infections and cytokine production by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) stimulated with A. lumbricoides antigen in 1,271 children
| Number of helminth infections | A. lumbricoides -induced cytokine production | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | % Non-responders | % Responders | Crude | Adjusted | |
| (n) | (n) | # OR (95% CI) | ## OR (95% CI) | ||
| IFN-γ [mean (pg/mL) = 12.3]* | |||||
| (n = 904) | (n = 23) | ||||
| 0 | 416 (44.9) | 97.1 | 2.9 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 342 (36.9) | 98.0 | 2.0 | 0.70 (0.27; 1.81) | 0.71 (0.27; 1.87) |
| 2 | 114 (12.3) | 97.4 | 2.6 | 0.91 (0.25; 3.28) | 0.90 (0.24; 3.38) |
| 3 | 55 (5.9) | 98.2 | 1.8 | 0.62 (0.08; 4.89) | 0.64 (0.08; 5.23) |
| IL-5 [mean (pg/mL) = 26.6]* | |||||
| (n = 1.013) | (n = 139) | ||||
| 0 | 530 (46,0) | 91.3 | 8.7 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 422 (36,6) | 87.7 | 12.3 | 1.47 (0.97; 2.25) | 1.45 (0.94; 2.23) |
| 2 | 140 (12,2) | 82.9 | 17.1 | 2.17 (1.28; 3.71) | 1.89 (1.09; 3.28) |
| 3 | 60 (5,2) | 71.7 | 28.3 | 4.16 (2.20; 7.87) | 3.54 (1.82; 6.86) |
| IL-10 [mean (pg/mL) = 36.3]* | |||||
| (n = 1.205) | (n = 51) | ||||
| 0 | 568 (45.2) | 97.4 | 2.6 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 461 (36.7) | 95.1 | 4.9 | 1.93 (1.00; 3.75) | 1.87 (0.95; 3.66) |
| 2 | 160 (12.8) | 93.8 | 6.2 | 2.46 (1.08; 5.58) | 2.23 (0.96; 5.18) |
| 3 | 67 (5.3) | 95.5 | 4.5 | 1.73 (0.49; 6.13) | 1.43 (0.39; 5.23) |
| IL-13 [mean (pg/mL) = 64.5]* | |||||
| (n = 955) | (n = 236) | ||||
| 0 | 542 (45.5) | 81.6 | 18.4 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 438 (36.8) | 79.2 | 20.8 | 1.16 (0.84; 1.59) | 1.18 (0.85; 1.63) |
| 2 | 147 (12.3) | 83.0 | 17.0 | 0.91 (0.56; 1.47) | 0.90 (0.55; 1.48) |
| 3 | 64 (5.4) | 68.8 | 31.2 | 2.01 (1.13; 3.56) | 1.99 (1.10; 3.58) |
#Crude logist analysis. ##Logist analysis adjusted for gender, age, maternal education and parental asthma. *Geometric mean; Numbers in bold are statistically significant at P < 0.05 . OR – odds ratio. 95% CI – 95% confidence interval.