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. 2014 Nov 18;15(1):980. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-980

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© Chen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Life cycle stages of P. cactorum including cysts germinating under different conditions. Five successive life cycle stages are shown: (A) mycelia, (B) sporangia, (C) released sporangia and zoospores, (D) cysts, (E)-(G) germinating cysts. In panel (C), the arrow indicates a zoospore being released from the sporangium. Cysts were germinated on a cellophane membrane placed on the top of an N. benthamiana leaf (E), or directly on N. benthamiana leaves (F), or in water (G). In panel (F), the cysts were observed under a Cryoscanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-4800 SEM). The other cell types were observed using an Olympus System Microscope BX53. Photos were taken at 70 (E), 60 (F) and 300 (G) min post-inoculation. Scale bars: (A), (B), 10 μm; (C), (E), (G), 50 μm; (D), 100 μm.