Table 2.
Between-gender differences combining HIGH and LOW group participants for physical performance measures, including baseline adjustment
| Baseline (n = 160) | Week 4 (n = 158) | Week 4-baseline (n = 158) | Week 16 (n = 150) | Week 16-baseline (n = 150) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strength measures | |||||
| Knee extensor strength, kg | 1.0 (-0.4 to 2.3), 0.151† | 2.1 (0.6 to 3.7), 0.008 † | 1.8 (0.3 to 3.2), 0.020 † | 1.8 (-0.2 to 3.8), 0.070† | 1.4 (-0.5 to 3.3), 0.149† |
| Mobility measures | |||||
| Walk speed, m/s | 0.04 (-0.04 to 0.1), 0.332 | 0.04 (-0.05 to 0.1), 0.387 | 0.02 (-0.06 to 0.1), 0.634 | 0.06 (-0.7 to 0.2), 0.364 | 0.02 (-0.1 to 0.1), 0.726 |
| PPME | -0.2 (-0.9 to 0.5), 0.555 | 0.5 (-0.3 to 1.2), 0.226† | 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.3), 0.100† | 0.4 (-0.6 to 1.4), 0.448† | 0.4 (-0.5 to 1.4), 0.383† |
| Barthel index | 3.4 (-2.1 to 8.9), 0.224† | 1.5 (-3.6 to 6.7), 0.562† | 0.4 (-4.4 to 5.2), 0.881† | 2.4 (-3.9 to 8.6), 0.457† | 1.0 (-4.7 to 6.8), 0.720† |
| Sit to stand, stand-ups/sec | 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04), 0.434† | -0.007 (-0.6 to 0.5), 0.797 | -0.01 (-0.06 to 0.04), 0.591 | -0.03 (-0.09 to 0.02), 0.259 | -0.05 (-0.1 to 0.004), 0.071 |
| No aids, using walking stick or crutches* | 2.1 (0.6 to 7.2), 0.255† | 2.0 (0.9 to 4.4), 0.109† | 1.8 (0.7 to 4.5), 0.206† | 2.0 (0.8 to 5.2), 0.140† | 1.9 (0.7 to 4.8), 0.205† |
| Balance measures | |||||
| Maximum balance range, mm | 4.2 (-10.5 to 18.9), 0.572† | 4.6 (-11.9 to 21.1), 0.584† | 2.7 (-12.9 to 18.2), 0.735† | 12.2 (-7.2 to 31.6), 0.217† | 8.9 (-9.7 to 27.5), 0.343† |
| Body sway total, mm | 29.5 (-55.9 to 115), 0.496 | 21.5 (-61.1 to 104), 0.608 | 10.0 (-65.1 to 85.0), 0.793 | -6.6 (-86.9 to 73.7), 0.872† | -8.1 (-78.8 to 62.7), 0.822† |
| Step test | -0.4 (-1.2 to 0.4), 0.337 | 0.3 (-1.6 to 2.2), 0.733† | 0.5 (-1.4 to 2.4), 0.622† | -0.5 (-2.5 to 1.6), 0.661 | -0.5 (-2.5 to 1.7), 0.675 |
| Lateral stability, mm | 4.9 (-3.5 to 13.3), 0.247 | -0.5 (-9.8 to 8.8), 0.916† | -1.9 (-11.0 to 7.1), 0.671† | 4.7 (-3.8 to 13.2), 0.278 | 3.0 (-5.1 to 11.0), 0.462 |
| Coordinated stability | -4.8 (-12.0 to 2.5), 0.194† | -10.0 (-17.6 to -2.4), 0.010 † | -6.7 (-12.4 to -1.0), 0.023 † | -10.2 (-18.4 to -1.9), 0.016 † | -6.3 (-13.1 to 0.6), 0.074† |
| Choice stepping reaction time, sec | N/A | -600 (-1484 to 285), 0.182†§ | N/A | -400 (-1375 to 574), 0.418†‡ | N/A |
Results as mean (95% CI), p unless *indicating results as odds ratio (CI 95%), p; bold indicates p < 0.05; PPME = Physical performance and mobility examination; †indicates men performed better than women; ‡n = 148; §n = 146; N/A = not assessed.