Fig. 1. Visualization of mitophagy in primary mouse hepatocytes. Time-lapse images of confocal microscopy with GFP-LC3 and TMRM. Cells were maintained in amino acid- and serum-free Krebs-Ringer-HEPES (pH 7.4) solution for 2 hrs to stimulate autophagy. Arrow indicates a progress of mitophagy wherein polarized mitochondrion (red) is surrounding by an elongating autophagic membrane (green). Note a depolarized mitochondrion in the lumen of autophagosome at 300 sec. Arrowhead displays an initiation of new mitophagy.