Table 1.
Rates of continuous evolution in body size (a), forelimb length (b), and simultaneous analysis of body size and forelimb length (c) using trait MEDUSA
| Shift 1 | Shift 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| (a) Body size (femur length) | ||
| Clade | Ornithomimidae | Paraves |
| Type | Clade | Branch |
| Rate | 0.0310485306374238 | 272.183712380408 |
| Lower CI | 0.0107361619159907 | 25.7279220940737 |
| Upper CI | 0.146917741744914 | NA |
| Model AICc | −8.630297 | −16.46549 |
| Single-rate AIC | 2.903468 | |
| (b) Forelimb length | ||
| Clade | Enantiornithes | |
| Type | Clade | |
| Rate | 0.202655937981583 | |
| Lower CI | 0.084093502295542 | |
| Upper CI | 0.573787236049022 | |
| Model AICc | −13.8642 | |
| Single-rate AIC | −7.775569 | |
| (c) Simultaneous femur and forelimb length | ||
| Clade | Microraptorines | Paraves |
| Type | Clade | Branch |
| Rate | 8.5287339844581 | 166.401472957915 |
| Lower CI | 3.75495117178781 | 28.9116058496682 |
| Upper CI | 24.5239401626678 | NA |
| Model AICc | −109.55345 | −126.36988 |
| Single-rate AIC | −84.02344 | |
The detected shifts for each analysis are shown in order of detection, along with the estimated rates, and a comparison of the multiple shift model AICc and the AICc for a single-rate model (Brownian Motion). The type refers to whether a shift is shared by all branches in a clades clade (“clade”) or a shift is found on a branch leading to that clade but is not shared by its descendants (“branch”). Results in italics show a result detected at the Paraves branch, but one that is not significant at the AICc cutoff.
AIC, Akaike information criterion.