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. 2015 Jan 12;5:1549. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01549

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Copyright © 2015 Loeys, Moerkerke and Vansteelandt.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Left panel: Simple mediation model in which X is the independent variable, M is the mediator and Y is the outcome variable. Right panel: Unmeasured confounding U of the mediator-outcome relationship.