Table 4.

Differences in BuChE inhibition in relation to selected exposures after adjusting for random and fixed effects. β coefficients represent the estimated difference in percent change in BuChE activity compared to the reference group for each factor. The reference group was selected a priori as the group that was thought to be the least exposed/most protected.

Exposure(s)	N a	β coefficient	SE	P valueb
Pesticidec
Chlorpyrifos	311
No	118	Ref	—	—
Yes	193	−2.10	1.57	0.179
Azinphos-methyl	311
No	249	Ref	—	—
Yes	62	1.45	1.65	0.379
Carbaryl	311
No	223	Ref	—	—
Yes	88	−2.49	1.39	0.073
Multiple OP/CBs	311
No	229	Ref	—	—
Yes	82	−2.70	1.35	0.045
Work activityd
Mixing/loading	346
No	82	Ref	—	—
Yes	264	−3.97	1.28	0.002
Repairing spray equipment	346
No	266	Ref	—	—
Yes	80	−0.18	1.25	0.883
Cleaning PPE	350
No	86	Ref	—	—
Yes	264	0.03	1.18	0.978
Cleaning spray equipment	350
No	142	Ref	—	—
Yes	208	−1.47	1.02	0.149
Cleaning pesticide containers	350
No	219	Ref	—	—
Yes	131	−1.23	1.09	0.257
PPEe
Respirator	347
Full-face	38	Ref	—	—
Half-face	285	−2.65	2.28	0.244
Powered air purifying respirator	24	−3.16	3.11	0.310
Gloves	347
Disposable gloves under nitrile gloves	71	Ref	—	—
Nitrile gloves alone	221	−0.29	1.37	0.834
Cloth gloves under nitrile gloves	55	2.12	1.78	0.235
Chemical-resistant boots	359
Yes	353	Ref	—	—
No	6	−16.63	3.82	<0.001
Apronf	274
Yes	43	Ref	—	—
No	231	4.09	1.67	0.014
Storage of PPE in locker	354
In a locker at work	209	Ref	—	—
In another location	145	−3.40	1.19	0.004
Breaks and hand-washing
Smoke break	341
Never stopped spraying	319	Ref	—	—
Always washed before smoking	19	0.64	2.36	0.787
Sometimes/never washed before smoking	3	−2.78	5.37	0.605
Cell phone break	341
Never stopped spraying	236	Ref	—	—
Always washed before using phone	29	−1.48	2.08	0.476
Sometimes/never washed before using phone	76	−0.57	1.37	0.676
Work experience and training
Applicator license and/or training from licensed pesticide applicator in last 12 months	326
Yes, applicator license	112	Ref	—	—
Yes, training	181	3.06	1.25	0.014
No, no training and no license	33	1.89	1.94	0.330
Years handling pesticides	317
More than 10 years	30	Ref	—	—
6–10 years	78	1.54	2.18	0.482
4–5 years	74	2.21	2.31	0.337
2–3 years	84	0.31	2.35	0.894
1 year or less	51	−0.64	2.62	0.807
Health awareness
Concern about health affected by pesticide exposure	340
Very concerned	275	Ref	—	—
A little bit concerned	48	−0.40	1.53	0.795
Not at all concerned	3	−12.12	5.27	0.021
I do not have an opinion	14	−0.89	2.61	0.734
Self-rated health status	341
Excellent	42	Ref	—	—
Good	194	0.67	1.70	0.692
Poor or fair	105	−0.82	1.85	0.655
Experience symptoms related to pesticide exposure	301
No symptoms or illnesses	247	Ref	—	—
Selected symptom(s) from list and/or other	30	−0.32	1.87	0.863
Level of education	341
Completed high school	40	Ref	—	—
Completed middle school	97	−1.22	1.96	0.533
Completed primary school or part of primary school	197	−1.11	1.91	0.560
Did not attend school	7	−1.74	4.06	0.668
Read in English	340
Fairly well or very well	55	Ref	—	—
Not at all or not very well	285	−0.75	1.44	0.602
Smoke cigarettes	340
Not at all	249	Ref	—	—
Some days	62	−0.77	1.45	0.592
Every day	29	−2.35	1.94	0.227
Alcohol consumption	328
Never	124	Ref	—	—
Rarely to every day	204	1.64	1.16	0.156
Acetaminophen use	258
Never	140	Ref	—	—
Sometimes or often	118	−0.03	1.15	0.980
Home location	340
In town	185	Ref	—	—
In country, away from orchards	37	−1.25	1.83	0.494
In country, near orchards	38	0.08	1.76	0.962
Within or next to orchard	71	−1.76	1.55	0.255
Other	9	−0.09	3.34	0.978

^aNumber of records included in regression.

^bTwo-sided P value.

^cWork activity and PPE exposure algorithm scores were included as fixed effects covariates in the statistical models.

^dPPE exposure algorithm score was included as a fixed effect covariate in the statistical models.

^eWork activity exposure algorithm score was included as a fixed effect covariate in the statistical models.

^fRestricted to those who selected mixing/loading as a work activity.