Table 1.
Patient Baseline Characteristics
| Variables | No BAC(n=99) | Low BAC(n=140) | High BAC(n=166) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 55 (44–66) | 51 (40–61) | 54 (41–60) | 0.052 |
| Injury mechanism | ||||
| Ground level fall | 53 (53) | 68 (49) | 107 (65) | 0.005 |
| Fall from height | 3 (3) | 13 (9) | 9 (5) | |
| Road traffic accident | 16 (16) | 28 (20) | 13 (8) | |
| Assault or suicide | 11 (11) | 21 (15) | 23 (14) | |
| Other/Unknown | 16 (16) | 10 (7) | 14 (8) | |
| High-injury energy* | 19 (19) | 31 (22) | 20 (12) | 0.057 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score | ||||
| 3–8 | 56 (57) | 73 (52) | 98 (59) | 0.312 |
| 9–12 | 24 (24) | 27 (19) | 27 (16) | |
| 13–15 | 19 (19) | 40 (29) | 41 (25) | |
| Motor score | ||||
| Obeys/localizes | 56 (57) | 77 (55) | 84 (50) | 0.272 |
| Normal/abnormal flexion | 18 (18) | 28 (20) | 24 (15) | |
| Extension/none | 25 (25) | 35 (25) | 58 (35) | |
| Pupils | ||||
| Both reacts | 19 (19) | 197 (76) | 111 (67) | 0.112 |
| One reacts | 9 (9) | 11 (8) | 28 (17) | |
| None reacts | 71 (72) | 22 (16) | 27 (16) | |
| Hypoxia | 18 (18) | 22 (16) | 30 (18) | 0.831 |
| Hypotension | 5 (5) | 16 (11) | 21 (13) | 0.128 |
| Traumatic SAH | 47 (48) | 87 (62) | 114 (69) | 0.003 |
| Epidural hematoma | 10 (10) | 19 (14) | 16 (10) | 0.516 |
| Acute mass lesion evacuation | 42 (42) | 45 (32) | 57 (34) | 0.240 |
| Marshall CT classification | ||||
| I | 0 (0) | 7 (5) | 2 (1) | 0.034 |
| II | 23 (23) | 30 (21) | 40 (24) | |
| III-IV | 7 (7) | 24 (17) | 23 (14) | |
| EML/NEML | 69 (70) | 79 (57) | 101 (61) | |
| Rotterdam CT score | ||||
| 1–2 | 18 (18) | 31 (22) | 30 (18) | 0.416 |
| 3–4 | 54 (55) | 74 (53) | 79 (48) | |
| 5–6 | 27 (27) | 35 (25) | 57 (34) | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 7.8 (6.5–9.7) | 6.7 (5.9–7.8) | 6.7 (6.0–8.3) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 119 (107–132) | 131 (116–144) | 127 (113–142) | <0.001 |
| INR | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.004 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 183 (115–224) | 196 (146–245) | 191 (140–236) | 0.175 |
| Predicted outcome | ||||
| IMPACTlab sum score | 9 (6–13) | 8 (5–12) | 8 (6–15) | 0.111 |
| APACHE II score | 19 (14–26) | 16 (11–21) | 17 (13–22) | 0.003 |
| IMPACTlab-APACHE II risk | ||||
| Six-month mortality (%) | 10.4 (5.6–44.7) | 6.3 (2.5–21.7) | 10.1 (3.3–31.7) | 0.012 |
| Six-month unfavorable outcome (%) | 37.7 (25.4–72.1) | 29.4 (16.0–55.2) | 36.5 (19.7–64.9) | 0.018 |
| Observed outcome | ||||
| Length of stay (days) | ||||
| ICU | 3 (1–6) | 2 (1–7) | 4 (1–7) | 0.194 |
| Hospital | 10 (4–16) | 9 (4–16) | 9 (5–16) | 0.788 |
| Six-month outcome | ||||
| Median GOS | 3 (1–4) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (1–5) | 0.020 |
| Unfavorable outcome† | 55 (56) | 56 (40) | 75 (45) | 0.057 |
| Mortality | 24 (34) | 25 (18) | 43 (26) | 0.015 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range), categorical presented as n (%).
*
High-energy injury is defined as fall from over 2 m height or speed >20 km/h.
†Defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1–3.
BAC, blood alcohol concentration; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; CT, computed tomography; EML, evacuated mass lesions; NEML, non-evacuated mass lesions; INR, International Normalized Ratio; IMPACT, International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI (traumatic brain injury); APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ICU, intensive care unit; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale.