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. 2015 Jan 15;32(2):127–138. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3514

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

Methylene blue (MB) reduced IL-1β and enhanced IL-10 expression in microglia/macrophages after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adult male (3 months old) BALB/c mice were subjected to sham injury (Sham) or TBI and within 15–30 min received an intravenous injection of vehicle control (Con) or MB (2 mg/kg). At 1 d post-injury, enriched brain CD11b+ cells (microglia/macrophages) were isolated from whole brain homogenates. The levels of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression for (A) CD14, (B) interleukin (IL)-1β, (C) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), (D) arginase (Arg), and (E) IL-10 were determined (n=7–10). Bars represent the mean±standard error of the means. Means with (*) are significantly different (p<0.05) from Sham-Con. Means with (+) tend to be different (p=0.1) from Sham-Con.