Normalized diameter, velocity, and flow differences between groups. Carotid artery diameter (A), velocity (B), and flow (C) over time. Values at time 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min were normalized to the −15 baseline value. Injured animals are shown by dashed line, sham animals by solid line. Asterisks indicate statistical significance between groups with a p value of≤0.05. Horizontal lines indicate statistical significance between time points for each group with a p value≤0.05. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.