Table 1.

Studies of biomarkers for drug response in inflammatory diseases.

Study	Drug class	Type of biomarker	Sample size	Ages	Ancestry	Disease	Ref.
Liu et al.	Anti-TNF antibodies	Genetic	89	>18	European	Rheumatoid arthritis	[23]
Plant et al.	Anti-TNF antibodies	Genetic	1340	>18	European	Rheumatoid arthritis	[24]
Krintel et al.	Anti-TNF antibodies	Genetic	196		European	Rheumatoid arthritis	[25]
Himes et al.	Albuterol	Genetic	1644	<18 (1 group), >18 (7 groups)	European	Asthma	[30]
McGeachie et al.	Albuterol	Genetic	1644	<18 (1 group), >18 (7 groups)	European	Asthma	[31]
Deng et al.	Immunosuppressive drugs	Gene expression	629	>18 (recipients: 93.6%, donors: 82.1%)	European (recipients: 72.3%, donors: 71.4%)	Organ transplant	[40]
Arijs et al.	Anti-TNF antibodies	Gene expression	21	>18	NA	Ulcerative colitis	[42]
Arijs et al.	Anti-TNF antibodies	Gene expression	19	>18	NA	Crohn′s disease	[43]
Toonen et al.	Anti-TNF antibodies	Gene expression	42	>18	NA	Rheumatoid arthritis	[44]
Julia et al.	Anti-TNF antibodies	Gene expression	44	>18	NA	Rheumatoid arthritis	[45]
Hakonarson et al.	Glucocorticoids	Gene- expression response	106	>18	European	Asthma	[53]
Hearing et al.	Glucocorticoids	Cellular assays	17	>18	NA	Ulcerative colitis	[46]
Lee et al.	Glucocorticoids	Cellular assays	29	>18	European	Crohn′s disease	[47]
Kirkham et al.	Glucocorticoids	Cellular assays				Rheumatoid arthritis	[49]
Corrigan et al.	Glucocorticoids	Cellular assays	16	>18	NA	Asthma	[50]
Langhoff et al.	Glucocorticoids	Cellular assays				Organ transplant	[51]
Cossu et al.	Thiopurines	Cellular assays	29	>18	NA	Crohn′s disease	[52]

NA: Not applicable.