Fig. 3.
Induction of TNF-α production in macrophages by Actinomyces spp. XH001 monoculture and Actinomyces spp. XH001/TM7x coculture. Macrophages were treated with XH001 alone, XH001/TM7x coculture with a different multiplicity of infection (MOI), or Pam3CSK4 (P3C) as a positive control for 8 h. TNF-α mRNA was quantified using quantitative PCR. Fold induction was normalized to medium control. Each assay was performed in triplicate. Average values ± SD are shown. A Student t test (unpaired, two-tailed) was used for statistical analysis. An asterisk indicates a significant difference between the two values (P < 0.05).