Table 1.

Simulation parameters

Parameter	Value
Grain mass, m	$3.07\times {10}^{-3}\hspace{0.5em}\mathrm{kg}$
Grain diameter, d	0.0133 m
Gravitational acceleration, $\overrightarrow{g}$	$\left(-9.81\hspace{0.5em}\text{m}\mathrm{\cdot }{\text{s}}^{-2}\right)\widehat{z}$
Normal stiffness, $k_n$	$2.0\times {10}^{4}mg/d$
Normal damping, ${\beta }_n$	$12.4\times {10}^{4}m\sqrt{g/d}$
Restitution coefficient, $e_n$	0.5
Normal stiffness, $k_t$	$\frac{2}{7}{k}_n$
Time step, $\mathrm{\Delta }t$	$2.5\times {10}^{-5}$ s
Shear rate, $\dot{\gamma }$	0.03 s−1