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Scheme of local proton gradients on the IMM at (A) low and (B) high potentials. Although the respiratory chain proteins (yellow) localized at the CM build up the proton gradient, ATP synthase (green), also found at the CM, is its main consumer. UCP4, localized at the IBM, depletes the proton gradient along the membrane only if it becomes excessive. Areas marked in blue indicate local proton concentration. MM, mitochondrial matrix.
