Table 1.

Summary of early clinical studies investigating efficacy of RV vaccines.

Vaccine	Administration route	Findings	Reference
Formalin inactivated RV3, RV7, RV10, RV13, RV14, RV18, RV22, RV42, RV43, RV55 (decavalent)	Intramuscular	Minimal homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody responses	Hamory 1975 [22]
Formalin inactivated RV13	Subcutaneous	Homotypic neutralising antibody generated and reduced viral shedding upon homotypic challenge	Douglas 1972 [21]
Formalin inactivated RV13	Intranasal	Resistance to homotypic challenge	Buscho 1972 [20]
Formalin inactivated RV13	Intranasal	Protection to homotypic challenge	Perkins 1969 [19]
Formalin inactivated RV13	Intranasal & intramuscular	Protection to homotypic challenge by intranasal immunization & correlated with level of nasal neutralising antibody	Perkins 1969 [18]
Formalin inactivated single strain	Intranasal	Protection to homotypic challenge but not heterotypic challenge	Mitchison 1965 [17]
Live & formalin inactivated single strain	Intranasal & intramuscular	Increased homotypic antibody responses with live intranasal and inactive intramuscular	Doggett 1963 [16]