Table 2. Concentrations (ng/g Lipid) of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Serum of Women Who Had Pregnancies Affected by Neural Tube Defects (NTDs), and Women Who Delivered Healthy Infants (controls) in Shanxi Province, China, 2010–2013.
| PAHsa |
total
NTDs (nb = 117) |
anencephaly (n = 44) |
spina
bifida (n = 67) |
encephalocele (n = 6) |
controls (n = 121) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %c | median (IQR) | % | median (IQR) | % | median (IQR) | % | median (IQR) | % | median (IQR) | ||
| L-PAHs | ANY | 86 | 236 (43.6–479)** | 77 | 236 (17.5–482)* | 82 | 243 (48.4–466)** | 100 | 191 (138–318) | 78 | 93.8 (11.5–255) |
| ACE | 95 | 303 (162–606)*** | 86 | 312 (161–619)*** | 91 | 302 (162–571)*** | 100 | 355 (231–546)* | 84 | 99.1 (31.6–241) | |
| FLE | 97 | 814 (339–1922)*** | 91 | 878 (384–1879)** | 93 | 814 (339–1998)*** | 100 | 950 (419–1301) | 83 | 412 (110–969) | |
| PHE | 100 | 1820 (574–3454)*** | 95 | 1842 (564–3204)** | 96 | 1685 (532–3423)*** | 100 | 1843 (1274–3190)* | 91 | 796 (272–1420) | |
| ANT | 100 | 142 (93.2–314) *** | 95 | 143.9 (92.1–300)*** | 96 | 141 (88.9–312)*** | 100 | 191 (125–344)* | 90 | 54.4 (27.0–115) | |
| FLU | 95 | 345 (101–609)*** | 86 | 338.0 (79.4–512)** | 91 | 345 (138–656)*** | 100 | 422 (184–621)* | 74 | 134 (0–308) | |
| RET | 89 | 566 (154–1540)*** | 77 | 575.1 (77.8–2620)* | 90 | 565 (244–1434)*** | 83 | 259 (61.8–609) | 89 | 272 (93.0–503) | |
| H-PAHs | PYR | 99 | 441 (180–836)*** | 93 | 428.1 (171–815)** | 94 | 443 (179–1042)*** | 100 | 278 (225–523) | 93 | 186 (79.9–413) |
| BAA | 92 | 137 (61.0–272) *** | 84 | 135.7 (51.0–264)** | 90 | 139 (68.4–275)*** | 83 | 121 (51.8–289) | 83 | 56.9 (14.6–112) | |
| CHR | 91 | 188 (53.5–486)*** | 82 | 164.5 (42.4–674)** | 90 | 208 (82.4–401)*** | 83 | 120 (55.2–836) | 81 | 65.3 (10.8–148) | |
| BBF | 76 | 103 (0–216)*** | 61 | 84.77 (0–148) | 78 | 112 (42.9–232)*** | 83 | 107 (36.0–243) | 65 | 46.5 (0–98.6) | |
| BKF | 75 | 32.2 (0–114)** | 61 | 30.43 (0–106) | 76 | 40.8 (5.34–114)*** | 83 | 36.5 (6.00–146) | 64 | 11.3 (0–37.2) | |
| BAP | 89 | 54.7 (19.7–181)** | 82 | 56.61 (23.6–215)* | 88 | 65.7 (20.2–170)** | 67 | 12.3 (1.92–19.6) | 79 | 21.4 (3.06–96.3) | |
| ΣL-PAHs | 100 | 4712 (1930–9618)*** | 95 | 4743 (1877–9714)*** | 96 | 4789 (1740–9841)*** | 100 | 3686 (3180–6035)* | 98 | 2068 (1007–3818) | |
| ΣH-PAHs | 100 | 1164 (683–2142)*** | 95 | 1081 (662.6–1840)*** | 96 | 1240 (691.1–2185)*** | 100 | 1362 (674.1–1921) | 98 | 557 (300–944) | |
| ΣPAHs | 100 | 5839 (2661–13161)*** | 95 | 5752 (2762–14070)*** | 96 | 6302 (2523–12044)*** | 100 | 5466 (3813–7423)* | 98 | 2668 (1406–5065) | |
IQR, interquartile range; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, in comparison with the median of controls by Mann-Whiney U test.
a
The abbreviations of individual PAHs are acenaphthylene (ACY), acenaphthene (ACE), fluorene (FLE), phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), fluoranthene (FLU), retene (RET), pyrene (PYR), benz[a]anthracene (BAA), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BBF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BKF), benzo[a]pyrene (BAP). ΣL-PAHs is the sum of ANY, ACE, FLE, PHE, ANT, FLU and RET; ΣH-PAHs of PYR, BAA, CHR, BBF, BKF and BAP; ΣPAHs of all PAHs.
b
Number of subjects.
c
Detection rate above limit of detection.