Table 1. The effects of LLL on gene expression.

Name of genes	Role	Change	Mechanism
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11)	Proliferation	Up-regulation	Isoform of the p38 MAPK, which signaling pathway is involved in fibroblast growth factor2 induced proliferation28
Breakpoint cluster region (BCR)	Proliferation	upregulation	A GTPase-activating protein for Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) and Cell division control protein 42(CDC42) that promotes the exchange of RAC- or CDC42- bound GDP by GTP. Active RAC1 and CDC42 can suppress p21, leading to the upregulation of BCR gene, which can enhance cell growth 29
Platelet derived growth factor C (PDGF-C)	Proliferation	upregulation	A member of the PDGF/vascular endothelial growth factor family and its upregulation can induce mitogenic activity on several mesenchymal cell types 30
Serum response factor	Proliferation	upregulation	It contributes to mitogen-stimulated transcriptional induction of many immediate-early genes during the G0-G1 cell cycle transition and is also essential for cell cycle progression 31
Cullin 1	Prevent Proliferation	downregulation	The downregulated gene cullin 1 is an inhibitory regulator of the cell cycle. Cullin 1 is required for developmentally programmed transitions from the G1 phase to the G0 phase of the cell cycle or the apoptotic pathway, the mutation of which leads to the acceleration of G1 to S phase progression 32
Heat shock 70kD protein 1A Caspase 6 Stress induced-phosphoprotein 1	Apoptosis	downregulation	Apoptpsis
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 2	Energy metabolism and respiratory chain	upregulation	It is one of the peptides of mitochondria respiratory complex I that transfer electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain 33.
ATP synthase, H þ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunitd	Energy metabolism and respiratory chain	upregulation	ATP5H belongs to the respiratory complex V (F1F0 -ATPase assembly), which catalyzes ATP synthesis 34
Electron-transfer-flavoprotein, beta polypeptide	Energy metabolism and respiratory chain	upregulation	Electron-transfer-flavoprotein b polypeptide (ETFB) is a subunit of ETF that serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases including acyl-CoA dehydrogenases that function in fatty acid b oxidation 35