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. 2014 Jul 3;3(7):e950166. doi: 10.4161/21624011.2014.950166

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© 2014 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© Bilgi Gungor, Fuat Cem Yagci, Ihsan Gursel, and Mayda Gursel

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 1. — Assembly and mechanism of action of CpG ODN/Tat nanorings. (A). The cationic peptide condenses K-type CpG ODN into rigid individual building blocks that re-organize to form nanoring structures. Nanorings are internalized by pDC and translocate to early endosomes where they initiate a TLR9-MyD88-IRF7-mediated signaling pathway, leading to IFNα production. In free form, K-ODN localize to late endosomes, and are not qualified to trigger an interferon response. (B). Nanoring-stimulated pDCs secrete Type I interferons, supporting antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity in vivo. Ag, antigen; CpG ODN, cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides; IFNα, interferon α; IFNγ, interferon γ; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells; Tat, 8 residue charged HIV-derived peptide Tat_(47–57); Th1, T helper type 1; TLR9, Toll-like receptor 9.