Table 4.

Association with QOL and type of residence and frequency of children's visits in the left behind elderly (N=434)

Variable	Residence	N	Mean rank	H value	Visit frequency	N	Mean rank	H value
Physiological	Living alone	165	241.51	26.038 *	1 month	21	217.48	1.699
	Living with spouse	78	155.44		<6 months	76	200.77
	Living with other family members	191	222.10		≥6 months	337	221.27
Psychological	Living alone	165	175.27	105.738 *	1 month	21	224.50	42.153†
	Living with spouse	78	345.69		<6 months	76	300.45
	Living with other family members	191	201.63		≥6 months	337	198.36
Social	Living alone	165	199.29	35.375 *	1 month	21	209.69	.708
	Living with spouse	78	290.63		<6 months	76	227.65
	Living with other family members	191	203.36		≥6 months	337	215.70
Environment	Living alone	165	224.54	1.552	1 month	21	182.45	14.628†
	Living with spouse	78	203.26		<6 months	76	265.53
	Living with other family members	191	217.24		≥6 months	337	208.85

^*Living: p<0.05

^†Visit: p<0.05