Table 2.

Summary of commonly used treatment in mucocutaneous lupus lesions in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) [74–81]

Treatments	Dose	Indications	Common/serious side effects
1. Topical
Sunscreen	2 mg/cm2, SPF >30	All sun-exposure areas apply at least 30 min before sun exposure	Greasy and allergic contact dermatitis
Topical steroids
- Mild potency	1% hydrocortisone acetate	Eyelids, face and intertriginous areas	Hypopigmentation, skin atrophy, increased hair growth and telangiectasia;
- Moderate potency	0.1% triamcinolone acetonide	Scalp and body
	0.1% mometasone furoate
- High potency	0.05% clobetasone propionate	Scalp, palms and soles
	0.05% betamethasone dipropionate
Intralesional steroids	2.5-10 mg/mL	Discoid lesions particularly on scalp	Skin atrophy and hypopigmentation
Calcineurin inhibitors	1% pimecrolimus	Eyelids, face and intertriginous areas (steroid-sparing effects)	Burning sensation and infection
	0.03%, 0.1% tacrolimus
2. Systemic
Systemic Steroids	0.5-2 mg/kg ideal body weight per day between 2–4 weeks, followed by tapering dose	Severe skin lesions or systemic disease flare up	Osteoporosis, cushing syndrome and growth retardation
Hydroxychloroquine
- Children	5 mg/kg ideal body weight per day	Combination with systemic steroids	Ocular toxicity, gastrointestinal upset, dizziness and headache
- Young adults	6-6.5 mg/kg ideal body weight per day	(steroid-sparing effects)