Table 3.
Summary of Group Comparisons on Heart Rate and Vagal Tone in Fragile X Syndrome
| Citation | FXS sample
|
Comparison sample ((TD unless otherwise noted)
|
Sampling condition(s) | Findingsa
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Sex (M:F) | Age in years M (SD) | Level of Fxing | Psychotropic medication | n | Sex (M:F) | Age in years M (SD) | Matching | Heart rate | Vagal tone | ||
| Hall et al. (2009) | 26 | 26:0 | 14.6 (2.8) | LF | 12 taking meds; medication effects examined | 26 | 26:0 | 14.6 (3.8) | Age | Rest (video watching); Conversation with prompts to maintain eye contact | FXS > TD (d’s across conditions = 1.4; 1.3)b | FXS < TD (d’s across conditions = 1.5; 1.2)b |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Heilman et al. (2011) | 12 | 12:0 | 12.0 (4.8) | LF | Some participants taking meds (n NR) | 21 | 21:0 | 12.0 (4.8) | Age | Rest; Word repetition | FXS > TD (d’s across conditions = 1.6; 1.5)b | FXS < TD (d’s across conditions = 1.6; 1.0)b |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Klusek, Martin, et al. (2013) | 39 | 39:0 | 11.9 (2.5) | LF | 16 taking meds | 28 | 28:0 | 8.8 (2.4) | Gender; age controlled statistically | Rest (video watching); Conversation | FXS > TD (d’s across conditions = .63; .63) | FXS = TD (d’s across conditions = .17; .23) |
|
|
|
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| 40* Autism | 40:0 | 10.1 (3.0) | Gender; age controlled statistically | FXS = Autism (d’s across conditions = .44; .39) | FXS = Autism (d’s across conditions = .27; .07) | |||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Roberts et al. (2001) | 29 | 29:0 | 4.1 (2.1) | NR | Excluded | 31 | 31:0 | 5.0 (2.1) | Age, gender | Rest (video watching) | FXS > TD (d = .62) | FXS < TD (d = .89) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Roberts et al. (2006) | 29 | 29:0 | 4.1 (2.1) | NR | Excluded | 31 | 31:0 | 5.0 (2.1) | Age, gender | Rest (video watching) | FXS > TD | FXS < TD (d = .82) FXS < TD |
|
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| Roberts, Tonnsen et al. (2012) | 31 | 31:0 | 1.7 (0.9) | N/A | Excludedc | 25 | 25:0 | 1.8 (0.9) | Age, gender | Rest (toy play); Arm restraint | (d’s unable to be computed) | (d’s unable to be computed) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Roberts, Hatton et al. (2012) | 12 | 12:0 | 1.0 (NR) | N/A | Excludedc | 10 | 12:0 | 1.0 (NR) | Age, gender | Toy play | FXS = TD (d = .29) | FXS < TD (d = 1.1) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Tonnsen et al. (2013) | 21 | 21:0 | 2.7 (1.0) | HF | Excludedc | 19 | 19:0 | 2.8 (1.2) | Age, gender | Stranger approach | FXS = TD (d = .48) | FXS < TD (d = .86) |
Note:
a
When not provided by the authors, absolute effect sizes were computed according to the formulas provided by Lipsey & Wilson (2001);
b
Unpublished data for computing effect size were provided by the authors.
c
J. E. Roberts, personal communication. Functioning (Fxing) level was categorized as follows: Low Functioning (LF) = M IQ ≤ 75, High Functioning (HF) = M IQ ≥ 75. N/A = not applicable (i.e., participants too young for accurate IQ); TD = typically development; NR = not reported.