Table 4.

Mixed Logit Model Coefficients and Associated Test Statistics

Full Model on Accuracy
	Fixed Effects	β	SE	Z	p
	Intercept	1.52	0.33	4.65	<.001
	Session	0.49	0.14	3.49	<.001
	LF controlsa	−0.51a	0.27	−1.88	.06
	HF controlsa	−0.11a	0.28	−0.38	.71
	Group	−1.94	0.45	−4.28	<.001
	Lower Order Interactionb (LF controls in the Stage-1 group)	0.78b	0.35	2.24	.03
	Lower Order Interactionb (HF controls in the Stage-1 group)	1.03b	0.36	2.85	.004
	Random Effects	s2
	Participants	0.40
	Items	0.49
	Group (By-items)	0.36
Pairwise Models on Accuracy
	Fixed Effects	β	SE	Z	p
Stage-1 Group	Intercept	−0.50	0.50	−1.02	.31
	Session	0.84	0.33	2.54	.01
	HF controlsa	0.94	0.45	2.08	.04
	Random Effects	s2
	Participants	0.74
	Items	1.99
	Fixed Effects	β	SE	Z	p
Stage-2 Group	Intercept	1.41	0.19	7.57	<.001
	Session	0.47	0.19	2.40	.02
	LF controlsa	−0.47	0.22	−2.19	.03
	Random Effects	s2
	Participants	0.02
	Items	0.13
Pairwise Model on Omission Errors
	Fixed Effects	β	SE	Z	p
Stage-1 Group	Intercept	−0.74	0.33	−2.21	.03
	Session	−0.41	0.34	−1.22	.22
	HF controlsa	−0.69	0.32	−2.13	.03
	Random Effects	s2
	Participants	0.31
	Items	0.58
Pairwise Model on Phonological Errors
	Fixed Effects	β	SE	Z	p
Stage-2 Group	Intercept	−2.55	0.26	−9.78	<.001
	Session	−0.43	0.26	−1.66	.10
	LF controlsa	0.97	0.27	3.61	<.001
	Random Effects	s2
	Participants	0.06
	Items	0.00

Note. Excluding the intercepts, β = model estimation of the change in log odds from the reference category for each fixed effect; SE = standard error of the estimate; Z = Wald Z test statistic. s² = Random effect variance.

^aReference is homophone targets condition;

^bReference is homophone targets condition in the Stage-2 group.