Appendix Table 2.
Estimated Effects of Fetal Growth on Behavior Problems Index (BPI)
| Behavior Problems Index (BPI) | BPI total score | Antisocial score | Oppositional score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Log of birth weight | −1.43 (2.07) |
−4.75*
(2.62) |
−1.79 (1.70) |
−3.41*
(2.07) |
−0.97 (1.44) |
−0.77 (1.95) |
| N | 1406 | 1406 | 1960 | 1960 | 2269 | 2269 |
| Adjusted R | 0.047 | 0.385 | 0.076 | 0.228 | 0.054 | 0.110 |
| Low birth weight | 2.82*
(1.57) |
1.79 (1.85) |
2.18 (1.36) |
−0.13 (1.90) |
1.57 (1.06) |
0.96 (1.27) |
| N | 1406 | 1406 | 1960 | 1960 | 2269 | 2269 |
| Adjusted R | 0.049 | 0.384 | 0.077 | 0.227 | 0.055 | 0.110 |
| Very low birth weight | 1.68 (5.78) |
8.07*
(4.34) |
2.25 (3.59) |
1.51 (1.71) |
−0.08 (4.56) |
−2.76 (2.84) |
| N | 1406 | 1406 | 1960 | 1960 | 2269 | 2269 |
| Adjusted R | 0.047 | 0.385 | 0.076 | 0.227 | 0.054 | 0.110 |
| Log of fetal growth rate | −1.26 (2.44) |
−5.56*
(3.12) |
−1.74 (1.98) |
−5.84**
(2.42) |
−0.86 (1.68) |
−1.43 (2.18) |
| N | 1406 | 1406 | 1960 | 1960 | 2269 | 2269 |
| Adjusted R | 0.047 | 0.385 | 0.076 | 0.229 | 0.054 | 0.110 |
| Gestational week 32-37 | −0.65 (1.59) |
−0.57 (2.07) |
1.55 (1.28) |
−1.55 (1.66) |
0.52 (1.15) |
−0.75 (1.51) |
| Gestational week < 32 | 4.59 (4.16) |
2.66 (5.33) |
−1.17 (3.88) |
−2.84 (2.68) |
−1.22 (2.75) |
−2.07 (3.04) |
| N | 1406 | 1406 | 1960 | 1960 | 2269 | 2269 |
| Adjusted R | 0.047 | 0.383 | 0.076 | 0.227 | 0.054 | 0.110 |
|
| ||||||
| Behavior Problems Index (BPI) | Hyperactive score | Anxious/Depressed score | Peer problem score | |||
|
| ||||||
| Log of birth weight | −1.06 (1.69) |
−2.56 (1.92) |
0.43 (1.45) |
−0.27 (2.34) |
0.48 (1.45) |
1.12 (1.94) |
| N | 2253 | 2253 | 2261 | 2261 | 2012 | 2012 |
| Adjusted R | 0.090 | 0.153 | 0.058 | 0.070 | 0.118 | 0.107 |
| Low birth weight | 3.23***
(1.12) |
1.06 (1.45) |
1.47 (1.04) |
2.07 (1.36) |
2.46**
(1.13) |
0.29 (1.49) |
| N | 2253 | 2253 | 2261 | 2261 | 2012 | 2012 |
| Adjusted R | 0.092 | 0.153 | 0.059 | 0.071 | 0.119 | 0.107 |
| Very low birth weight | 3.10 (5.18) |
3.83 (3.73) |
−2.11 (4.01) |
−1.62 (4.22) |
−1.47 (3.89) |
−2.04 (3.00) |
| N | 2253 | 2253 | 2261 | 2261 | 2012 | 2012 |
| Adjusted R | 0.090 | 0.153 | 0.058 | 0.070 | 0.118 | 0.107 |
| Log of fetal growth rate | −0.84 (1.98) |
−3.11 (2.28) |
0.70 (1.68) |
0.00 (2.71) |
0.31 (1.71) |
−0.11 (2.25) |
| N | 2253 | 2253 | 2261 | 2261 | 2012 | 2012 |
| Adjusted R | 0.089 | 0.153 | 0.058 | 0.070 | 0.118 | 0.107 |
| Gestational week 32-37 | 1.46 (1.17) |
0.30 (1.53) |
−1.04 (1.01) |
−1.24 (1.29) |
−1.26 (0.97) |
−3.66***
(1.32) |
| Gestational week < 32 | −0.63 (3.91) |
−1.83 (3.54) |
1.94 (3.56) |
2.15 (4.71) |
−7.91***
(2.94) |
−6.21**
(3.04) |
| N | 2253 | 2253 | 2261 | 2261 | 2012 | 2012 |
| Adjusted R | 0.090 | 0.152 | 0.058 | 0.070 | 0.119 | 0.108 |
Note: 1997, 2002-3, 2007 waves of the PSID-CDS are used. Regressions include repeated observations. N denotes the number of observations. All regressions include the controls for child's sex, race, lifetime family income, mother's age and marital status at child's birth, cigarette excise tax at child birth, a set of indicators for birth order, home environment, and mother's education. Robust standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the child level.
*
p<0.1,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01.