Table 1.

Key Constructs in Reading and Potential Deficits in Dyslexia

Construct	Definition	Example Tasks	Example Standardized Assessment
Phonological Awareness (PA)	Knowledge of, and ability to manipulate, the sound structure of words	- Say game without the /g/ - What word do these sounds make? /s/ - /i/ - /t/ - Name a word that rhymes with star	- Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP-2) [64] - Phonological Awareness Test (PAT-2) [65]
Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN)	Speed with which a series of familiar stimuli can be named aloud, reflecting efficient visual-verbal connections	Name, as quickly as possible, a 10×5 array of 5 randomly repeated objects, colors, letters, or numbers	- Rapid Automatized Naming–Rapid Alternating Stimulus Tests (RAN-RAS) [66]
Reading Fluency	Ability to read single words and connected text with sufficient accuracy and speed so as to support efficient comprehension	- Read aloud a list of common words or pseudowords as quickly and accurately as possible - Read aloud, quickly and accurately, paragraphs of increasing complexity	- Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE-2) [67] - Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT-5) [68]