Table 1.
Means (Standard Deviations) and Effect Sizes (d) for Comparisons Across Samples.
| Variable | Linkage | WAIS-IV/WMS-IV | VCAP | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 90 | 900–2,200 | 2,973–3,796 | — |
| Age (years) | 50.8 (15.2) | 45.0 (22.9) | 50.9 (18.4) | — |
| Proportion female | 0.68 | 0.52 | 0.65 | — |
| Years of education | 15.6 (3.1) | NA | 15.7 (2.7) | — |
| Vocabulary | 42.8 (10.5) | 34.6 (11.1) | .78 | |
| Information | 16.3 (5.9) | 13.5 (5.3) | .47 | |
| Similarities | 27.5 (5.7) | 23.9 (5.8) | .63 | |
| Comprehension | 26.6 (5.4) | 22.9 (6.2) | .69 | |
| Block Design | 38.5 (12.5) | 38.8 (13.7) | −.02 | |
| Matrix Reasoning | 17.9 (4.5) | 16.0 (5.6) | .42 | |
| Visual Puzzles | 14.4 (4.9) | 13.6 (5.1) | .16 | |
| Picture Completion | 11.3 (3.7) | 12.1(4.4) | −.22 | |
| Figure Weights | 14.4 (4.9) | 14.5 (5.0) | −.02 | |
| Digit Span | 28.9 (5.2) | 26.8 (6.1) | .40 | |
| Arithmetic | 15.5 (3.5) | 13.6 (3.7) | .54 | |
| Letter Number Sequencing | 20.3 (3.1) | 19.6 (3.8) | .23 | |
| Symbol Search | 31.4 (8.8) | 29.5 (9.6) | .22 | |
| Coding | 67.2 (16.3) | 62.8 (19.7) | .27 | |
| Cancellation | 35.9 (9.0) | 39.6 (9.7) | −.41 | |
| Full-Scale IQ | 107.4 (16.3) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.49 | |
| Verbal Comprehension Index | 109.2 (17.3) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.61 | |
| Perceptual Reasoning Index | 103.9 (15.3) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.26 | |
| Working Memory Index | 106.1 (14.3) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.41 | |
| Perceptual Speed Index | 104.2 (15.8) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.28 | |
| Visual Reproduction Immediate | 35.6 (5.5) | 33.2 (7.7) | .44 | |
| Visual Reproduction Delayed | 26.6 (9.6) | 23.0 (10.6) | .38 | |
| Designs Total Immediate | 69.7 (15.6) | 74.6 (16.9) | −.31 | |
| Designs Total Delayed | 58.5 (14.1) | 60.3 (16.4) | −.13 | |
| Verbal Paired Associates Immediate | 37.9 (11.5) | 29.2 (12.7) | .76 | |
| Verbal Paired Associates Delayed | 11.4 (2.9) | 8.8 (3.8) | .90 | |
| Logical Memory Immediate | 29.1 (6.5) | 26.8 (7.9) | .35 | |
| Logical Memory Delayed | 25.3 (7.7) | 20.1 (8.2) | .68 | |
| Symbol Span | 24.4 (7.4) | 21.0 (8.7) | .46 | |
| Spatial Addition | 11.9 (5.1) | 14.0 (4.8) | −.41 | |
| Auditory Memory Index | 109.8 (15.2) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.65 | |
| Visual Memory Index | 103.3 (15.1) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.22 | |
| Immediate Memory Index | 106.5 (15.4) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.43 | |
| Delayed Memory Index | 108.7 (15.5) | 100.0 (15.0) | −.58 | |
| Vocabulary | 48.9 (9.4) | 50.5 (10.5) | −.17 | |
| Picture Vocabulary | 16.0 (5.8) | 18.3 (5.4) | −.40 | |
| Synonym Vocabulary | 6.4 (2.9) | 7.1 (2.7) | −.24 | |
| Antonym Vocabulary | 6.0 (3.1) | 6.6 (2.8) | −.19 | |
| Ravens | 6.9 (3.3) | 7.8 (3.3) | −.27 | |
| Shipley Abstraction | 12.9 (3.7) | 13.2 (3.6) | −.08 | |
| Letter Sets | 10.7 (2.7) | 11.0 (2.9) | −.11 | |
| Spatial Relations | 8.3 (5.0) | 8.7 (5.0) | −.08 | |
| Paper Folding | 5.8 (2.7) | 6.2 (2.8) | −.15 | |
| Form Boards | 8.3 (5.0) | 7.1 (4.2) | .24 | |
| Word Recall | 33.6 (6.9) | 34.7 (6.5) | −.16 | |
| Paired Associates | 3.0 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.8) | .00 | |
| Logical Memory | 44.1 (7.4) | 44.1 (10.1) | .00 | |
| Digit Symbol | 69.7 (15.6) | 72.1 (18.0) | −.15 | |
| Pattern Comparison | 15.0 (3.6) | 16.2 (3.8) | −.33 | |
| Letter Comparison | 10.3 (2.7) | 10.5 (2.5) | −.07 |
Note. WAIS-IV = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–IV; WMS-IV = Wechsler Memory Scale–IV; VCAP = Virginia Cognitive Aging Project