Table 2 .
Major findings in the selected literatures
| Study | Year of publication | Medication | P-value | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhou et al.16 | 2009 | IL-10 | <0.05 | Improved motor function, increased expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL |
| Inhibition of cytochrome c release and caspase 3 cleavage | ||||
| Oruckaptan et al.18 | 2009 | IL-10 | <0.026 | Decreased lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity, attenuation of the early ischemic response, and restriction of the tissue damage |
| Jackson et al.20 | 2005 | IL-10 | <0.05 | Greater functional recovery in the first 24 hours after injury |
| Brewer et al.21 | 1999 | IL-10 | – | Significantly decreased lesion volume, reduction in neuronal damage |
| Pearse et al.22 | 2004 | IL-10 | – | Improved gross locomotor performance, worsened behavioral outcome |
| Takami et al.23 | 2002 | IL-10 | – | Improved gross locomotor performance, increased the volume of spared spinal gray matter 3 months after a moderate contusion |
| Bethea et al.24 | 1999 | IL-10 | – | Reduction of lesion volume by ∼49% |
| Mao et al.25 | 2010 | Sulforaphane | <0.01 | Lower expression and activity of MMP and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α |
| Miller et al.26 | 2013 | Sulforaphane | <0.05 | Increased expression of hemeoxygenase-1mRNA, attenuation of (4-hydroxy-2-Nonenal) 4-HNE-induced inhibition of mitochondrial respiration for complex I |
| Mao et al.27 | 2011 | Sulforaphane | <0.01 | Activation of Nrf2, improved hind limb locomotor function assessed by BMS, reduced inflammatory damage, histologic injury, dying neurons count, and spinal cord edema |
| Yin et al.29 | 2012 | TIIA | <0.05 | Improved motor function, reduced tissue injury (histological score), reduced myeloperoxidase activity, inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1b, and IL-6) |
| Zhang et al.30 | 2012 | TIIA | <0.01 | Reduced expression of NF-κB and VCAM-1 |
| Fan et al.31 | 2011 | TMP | <0.05 | Significant improved neurological outcome, decreased infarct volume, alleviated neutrophil infiltration |
| Liang et al.32 | 2011 | TMP | <0.05 | Suppressed glutamate level, suppressed the expression of mGluR-1 mRNA, better neurological function |
| Fan et al.34,39 | 2006 | TMP | <0.05 | Significantly better neurological outcomes, decreased spinal cord malondialdehyde levels, reduced the loss of motoneurons, and reduced apoptotic cell death through Bcl-2 up-regulation parallel to Bax down-regulation |
| Chen et al.36 | 2002 | TMP | <0.05 | Better neurological status and histopathology, significantly reduced neurological injury |
| Xiao et al.37 | 2012 | TMP | <0.05 | Significantly higher BBB score, significantly low number of MIF-positive cells |
| Shen et al.38 | 2008 | TMP | <0.05 | Reduced expression of caspase-3 and increased expression of neurofilament protein (NF-L, NF-H, and NF-M) |
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MMP-9, metalloproteinase-9; Nrf2-ARE, NF-E2-related factor 2-antioxidant-response element; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; BMS, Basso open-field motor score.