Table 1. The summary of three 50 Ah LTO batteries combustion behavior.

State of charge	0% SOC	50% SOC	100% SOC
Ignition time, s	4629	3900	1465
Combustion time, s	2880	1093	568
Jet fire times	0	1	2
Ignition position	cathode	anode	anode
Anode temperature at ignition, °C	112	119	121
Temperature rise rate at heating stage on anode electrode, °C s−1	0.021	0.027	0.07
Upper surface temperature at ignition, °C	141	–	146.6
Bottom surface temperature at ignition, °C	212	238	323
Maximum flame temperature, °C	837.3	723.1	747
Total mass loss, g	215	239	480
Total mass loss percentage, %	13.04	14.67	28.96
Maximum mass loss rate, g s−1	1.5	15.5	30.1
Mean mass loss rate, g s−1	3.583	3.983	8
Maximum flame width, mm	109	275	304
Maximum flame height, mm	309	254	257

Notes: 1. The combustion time of 0% SOC battery is hard to be confirmed for the battery fire at the end is rather weak but last for a long time.

2. The 0% SOC battery combusted stably, no such jet fire ejected as 50% and 100% SOC batteries did.

3. The package combustion is not included.