Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-1994)
| Characteristic | Healthy (n = 3,424) | Prediabetes (n = 3,334) | Diabetes (n = 1,090) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 53.85 (0.3) | 59.5 (0.6) | 61.7 (0.6) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 42.7 | 50.2 | 46.8 |
| Female | 57.3 | 49.8 | 53.2 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic whites | 85.3 | 76.9 | 71.6 |
| Non-Hispanic blacks | 6.1 | 11.3 | 14.6 |
| Mexican American | 2.6 | 3.9 | 6.0 |
| Others | 5.9 | 7.9 | 7.7 |
| Education, yrs | |||
| ≤6 | 4.7 | 8.5 | 12.3 |
| 7-12 | 50.4 | 57.6 | 62.2 |
| ≥13 | 44.9 | 33.9 | 25.4 |
| Income:poverty ratio | |||
| Lower, ≤1.5 | 15.0 | 22.0 | 30.2 |
| Middle, ≤3.0 | 28.6 | 30.5 | 31.5 |
| Higher, >3.0 | 56.4 | 47.4 | 38.3 |
| Smoking | |||
| Current | 41.6 | 35.1 | 37.2 |
| Past | 41.7 | 46.4 | 47.3 |
| Never | 16.7 | 18.5 | 15.5 |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Current | 13.9 | 15.3 | 20.0 |
| Past | 34.0 | 42.2 | 48.9 |
| Never | 52.0 | 42.5 | 31.1 |
| Physical activity | |||
| Sedentary | 54.8 | 49.3 | 45.6 |
| Moderately active | 12.3 | 13.4 | 11.1 |
| Vigorously active | 8.0 | 7.4 | 6.7 |
| Missing | 24.9 | 29.8 | 36.6 |
| Missing teeth | |||
| 0 | 53.1 | 51.7 | 50.5 |
| 1-5 | 37.1 | 34.7 | 29.7 |
| 6-10 | 7.7 | 9.3 | 12.1 |
| >10 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 7.8 |
| Annual visits to dentist | |||
| Yes | 59.1 | 43.9 | 38.4 |
| No | 40.9 | 56.1 | 61.6 |
| Waist circumference | |||
| Normal | 60.0 | 45.2 | 23.8 |
| Elevated | 40.0 | 54.8 | 76.2 |
| Nutrition, g/d | |||
| Dietary fibers | 17.2 (0.3) | 16.4 (0.3) | 16.2 (0.5) |
| Total carbohydrate | 250.5 (4.1) | 243.9 (4.1) | 222.7 (5.1) |
| Proteins | 76.6 (1.0) | 77.8 (1.3) | 75.0 (2.2) |
| Total fats | 77.0 (1.3) | 75.7 (1.6) | 70.4 (2.8) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.4 (0.1) | 27.8 (0.2) | 30.1 (0.3) |
| Score | |||
| Orange-red | −0.5 (0.1) | −0.3 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.2) |
| Red-green | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.02 (0.3) | −0.2 (0.5) |
| Yellow-orange | −0.01 (0.2) | 0.004 (0.2) | 0.06 (0.3) |
| Orange-blue | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.07 (0.1) | −0.04 (0.1) |
Values with parentheses indicate mean (SE). Stand-alone values indicate percentages.