Table 1.

Overview of types of nanomaterials applied for water and wastewater technologies

Nanomaterial	Properties	Applications
Nanoadsorbents	+ high specific surface, higher adsorption rates, small footprint	Point-of-use, removal of organics, heavy metals, bacteria
	− high production costs
Nanometals and nanometal oxides	+ short intraparticle diffusion distance compressible, abrasion-resistant, magnetic	Removal of heavy metals (arsenic) and radionuclides, media filters, slurry reactors, powders, pellets
	+ photocatalytic (WO3, TiO2)
	− less reusable
Membranes and membrane processes	+ reliable, largely automated process	All fields of water and waste­water treatment processes
	− relative high energy demand