Table 3.

Properties, applications, and innovative approaches for nanometals and nanometal oxides

Nanometals and nanometal oxides	Properties		Applications	Novel approaches
	Positive	Negative
Nanosilver and nano-TiO2	Bactericidal, low human toxicity Nano-TiO2 : high chemical stability, very long life time	Nanosilver, limited durability Nano-TiO2, requires ultraviolet activation	Point-of-use water disinfection, antibiofouling surfaces, decontamination of organic compounds, remote areas	TiO2 modification for activation by visible light, TiO2 nanotubes
Magnetic nanoparticles	Simple recovery by magnetic field	Stabilization is required	Groundwater remediation	Forward osmosis
Nano zero-valent iron	Highly reactive	Stabilization is required (surface modification)	Groundwater remediation (chlorinated hydrocarbon, perchlorates)	Entrapment in polymeric matrices for stabilization