Table 5.
Effects of various nanomaterials in different aquatic organisms
| Test species | Material | Study outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Algae (green algae, Desmodesmus subpicatus)72 | TiO2: 20.5 nm primary particle, 20% rutile, 80% anatase, BET surface area 45 m2/g; sonicated (Evonik P25) | EC50 32–44 mg/L | 72 |
| Invertebrates (Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia dubia)73 | TiO2: 20.5 nm primary particle, 20% rutile, 80% anatase, BET surface area 45 m2/g; sonicated (Evonik P25) | LC50 >10 mg/L | 73 |
| Fish (zebrafish, Danio rerio)73 | TiO2: 20.5 nm primary particle, 20% rutile, 80% anatase, BET surface area 45 m2/g, sonicated (Evonik P25) | LC50 >10 mg/L | 73 |
| Algae (green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapita)5 | <75 nm primary particle of TiO2 (Sigma product 643017) | EC50 >100 mg/L | 74 |
| Algae (green algae, P. subcapita)6 | 140 nm in water, 79% rutile, 21% anatase, coated with alumina (ulftrafne TiO2 powder from DuPont with a coating of alumina [DuPont uf-C TiO2]) | EC50 21 mg/L (cell number) EC50 87 mg/L (growth rate) |
75 |
| Fish (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss)6 | 140 nm in water, 79% rutile, 21% anatase, coated (DuPont uf-C TiO2) | LC50 >100 mg/L | 75 |
| Algae (green algae, P. subcapita)6 | Fine TiO2, 380 nm in water rutile, coated (~99% TiO2, ~1% alumina) | EC50 16 mg/L (cell number) EC50 61 mg/L (growth rate) |
75 |
| Invertebrate (Daphnia magna)7 | TiO2: Primary particle <25 nm, anatase, filtered (0.22 μm) | LC50 5.5 mg/L LOEC 2.0 mg/L NOEC 1.0 mg/L |
76 |
| Frog larvae (Xenopus laevis)8 | Mortality by concentrations of double-wall CNTs, different concentrations | 0%–15% (10 mg/L) 0%–5% (100 mg/L) 5%–85% (500 mg/L) |
77 |
| Vibrio fisheri9 | Nano TiO2: 25–70 nm Nano ZnO: 50–70 nm Nano CuO: ~30 nm |
EC50 >20,000 mg/L (TiO2) EC50 1.8±0.1 mg/L (ZnO) EC50 79±27 mg/L (CuO) |
78 |
| D. magna9 | Nano TiO2: 25–70 nm Nano ZnO: 50–70 nm Nano CuO: ~30 nm |
LC50 ~20,000 mg/L (TiO2) LC50 3.2±1.3 mg/L (ZnO) LC50 3.2±1.6 mg/L (CuO) |
78 |
| D. magna79 | Nano-/Micro-Ag Nano-/Micro-CeO2 |
Mortality on different concentrations | 79 |
| Thamnocephalus platyurus9 | Nano TiO2: 25–70 nm Nano ZnO: 50–70 nm Nano CuO: ~30 nm |
LC50 >20,000 mg/L (TiO2) LC50 0.18±0.03 mg/L (ZnO) LC50 2.1±0.5 mg/L (CuO) |
78 |
| Zebrafsh (D. rerio)80 | Fullerenes | LC50 200 ppb (C60) LC50 200 ppb (C70) LC50 4,000 ppb (C60(OH)24) |
80 |
| Bacillus subtilis81 | Percentage growth inhibition of TiO2 (330 nm), SiO2 (205 nm), ZnO (480 nm) | 75%±6.6% at 1,000 ppm TiO2 7%±4.7% at 1,000 ppm SiO2 90%±4.4% at 10 ppm ZnO |
81 |
| Escherichia coli81 | Percentage growth inhibition of TiO2 (330 nm), SiO2 (205 nm), ZnO (480 nm) | 15%±4.2% at 500 ppm TiO2 15%±6.4% at 500 ppm SiO2 14%±3.5% at 10 ppm ZnO |
81 |
Abbreviations: EC50, median effective concentration; LC50, median lethal concentration; LOEC, lowest observed effect concentration; NOEC, no observed effect concentration; BET, Brauner-Emmett-Teller.