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General model of energy transduction. In eukaryotic cells that rely essentially on carbohydrates for their energy production, the conjonction of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for the production of energy as ATP. Upon complete oxidation of energy substrates, both carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are produced. ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form).
